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HISTORICAL
NEW H A M P S H I R E
A
Issued
occasionally
by
P U B L I C A T I O N
the
N E W HAMPSHIRE
H I S T O R I C A L
SOCIETY
in the interest o f service to people w h o would broaden their knowledge
of N e w H a m p s h i r e ' s long and enduring history through an evergrowing understanding o f its collected books and papers and
its objects o f art and craftsmanship w h i c h are here preserved for safe-keeping, reference and inspiration.
October 1952
I N T H I S NUMBER:
" N e w Hampshire
Indians," by Robinson V . Smith.
Vol..
VIII
Remembers T h e
No. 2
�]VEW
H A M P S H I R E H I S T O R I C A L
C O I V C O R D ,
BMEW
S O C I E T Y
H A M P S H I R E
President
Huntley
N.
Spaulding.
Vice
Presidents
Louis
S.
Cox,
E l w i n L . Page. Secretary
Elmer M.
Hunt.
Treasurer
Dudley W . Orr.
Trustees
Huntley
N.
Spaulding,
Louis
S.
Cox, E l w i n
L.
Page,
Dudley
W . O r r , Foster
Stearns,
James
W . Jameson, Herbert W .
H i l l , Richard W . Sulloway, Archibald
M.
Peisch,
Harry
Merrill,
Robert W . U p t o n , L a u r e n c e F . W h i t temore, P h i l i p M . M a r s t o n , S h e r m a n
Adams,
William
G.
Saltonstall.
E L M E R MUNSON H U N T ,
Director
New Hampshire Remembers the Indians
BY
Member
Loo\ed
shire
at historically
have
ever
to see events
land
quite
religion
should
parts
of New
from
the Indians,
done
with
In
compiling
by
were
i6oo's
that
the
these
ijoo's.
woods,
fields,
It has been
Englanders,
as
out or ma\e
in some
New
Ossipees
the
and
permanent
of
the
fishing,
you
wish
fish
on these
and
It all.
right
some
Indians
and
shores
no other's.
There
guns
more
laid
But
fur
are
and
many
probably
and
here
cannot
more
we at least
deadly
way
wanted
The
in mapped
of these
squares
for
than
to stop
to roam
the
settlers
Indian
that
the
New
had
to
drive
Hamp-
time
and
they
that
receded
the
from.
Penacooks,
be
considered
have
of
as\ed
'aggression?
use for
both
our
out"
came
hunting
of
us
but
arrows,
so
we
you."
the countryside
Englishman
squares
have
on
roamed
might
an act
land
the
not "driven
tribes
is enough
in
from
ivho
originally
they
he
places
of the
advanced,
committing
deer-meat.
out his land
New
is true in New
of them
which
and
Penn's
however,
ingenious
in
a section
record
latter
Indians
return,
to this land,
have.
being
First
and
students
colonization
not
ta\en
is
Hampshire
here
were
coastwise
you
undoubtedly
game,
they
the
many
history
of the tribes
William
the
In
Your
The
in
many
of
"Are
as you
a general
a good
Pequaw\ets,
settlers,
contrive
The
of
the
as much
and
must
exception
in
and. Indians
Indians
them.
English
where
land-owners.
new
We have
As
and west
the
over
been
more
of times
by some
the
But
since
to research.
of New
memory
as occurred
Yorl{.
Hampshire.
With
with
just
in New
to the north
given
assumption
treaties
prevails
he has added
mountains.
cases,
of the Dutch
this
captures
found
over
churches
of Indian
weel^s
colonists
rivers
elsewhere,
shire
To
and
still
account
the
casual
induced
the Indians
French
has long
account
the
has then
Hamp-
been
did.
to perpetuate
the
them
of
he
in Neu/
that not much
many
between
numerous
and
at times
a chronological
in
that remain
jaith
concise
to the late
Indians,
names
French
has devoted
resulted
and
the land
the Indians
contests
affairs
and
The
Society
has usually
England
while
and
Smith
to give
there
events
a new
Mr.
reader
the settlers
be said
of it than
has endeavored
early
prevail.
and
of Indian
The
the New
it might
some
records
sense.
between
Hampshire
Hampshire,
which
jetv
between
SMITH
Hampshire Historical
made
as a quarrel
or a quarrel
which
ROBINSON V .
New
which
never
in
who
would
been
built
search
arrived
be
on
his
to
�HISTORICAL
2
N E W
HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL
N E W
HAMPSHIRE
.3
this day.
Was there room enough
for both the white
man and
the
Indian?
This is one of the questions
raised by this
article.
Another
is the question
of colonization.
The Indians
were
free
from the domination
of a European
civilization
they had never
known.
The white man was not free from it and has never quite been to this
day.
He was a colonizer,
forced to pay tribute ta his native land.
His
traditions
were brought
from another continent.
The Indian
knowing
no other native land than this one paid no such tribute either in money
or sentiment.
The white
man in 7776 broke
off his relations
with
Europe,
apparently
forever,
only to become forced to return to them as
now.
This provocative
account of the New Hampshire
Indians
raises
the question
as to whether
the natives were not, in fact, nearer to what
we call "freedom"
than the colonists then were, and have since
become.
The New Hampshire
Historical
Society Library
is rich in
Indian
lore which has been drawn upon extensively
by the writer of this
article.
No less than three hundred
and twenty books on the American
Indian
are available
for research,
devoted
to such topics as Indian
treaties,
captivities,
wars and other general
headings.
The entire subject
has
long since needed to be explored,
explained
and organized
as Mr.
Smith
has now attempted
to do.
That the predominant
"captive"
element
found
here is unique
in
American
histcrry is evident.
In no other state in the union has such a
motive
on the part of the Indian
appeared
to such an extent.
The
native Indian
does not appear to have sought
primarily
to
annihilate
the aggressor
or scalp him.
He desired to capture and sell him just as
he did a deer or beaver skin.
His customers,
the French,
wished
to
buy the English
colonists in order to absorb them into their own
settlement project and to convert them to their religion.
It was not
necessary
for the French to tell the Indians this.
There was a vastly larger
market
for captives than for scalps and they k^ew
it.
Only with the
which
might better
these raids to obtain
of New Hampshire's
and slaughter,
but
captives,
who were
ending
of the so-called
French
and Indian
War,
have been called the French
and English
war,
did
captives
subside.
With rare exception
the
history
first
two hundred
years is not one of
"massacre"
one of Indian
treaties,
trading
and the taking
of
ultimately
ransomed.
In their desire to capture the settlers alive and then sell them,
the
Indians,
however,
defeated their own purpose.
For the white man survived and brought
a civilization
in which the Indian
way of life
could
not survive.
The Indian
names of rivers, trails, mountains,
lakes,
and
towns remain,
with here and there an exhibit
or tivo preserving
the
noiu almost forgotten
Indian relics in our
museums.
EDITOR.
f
I ^ H i s year ( 1 9 5 2 ) m a r k s the a n n i v e r s a r y of G e n e r a l J o h n S t a r k ' s e x p l o r a I
tory visit to R u m n e y , N e w H a m p s h i r e , the point on the B a k e r R i v e r
\r w h e r e he w a s c a p t u r e d by the I n d i a n s a n d t a k e n to C a n a d a . I t is
a n u n u s u a l c o i n c i d e n c e , s e l d o m r e c o g n i z e d by h i s t o r i a n s , that the
B a k e r R i v e r is n a m e d for T h o m a s B a k e r , w h o w a s also c a p t u r e d forty years
e a r l i e r a n d l i k e w i s e t a k e n to C a n a d a .
J o h n S t a r k w a s r a n s o m e d soon after his c ap t u re , t h r o u g h the efforts of
C a p t a i n P h i n e h a s Stevens a n d M a j o r N a t h a n i e l W h e e l w r i g h t , g r a n d s o n of the
f o u n d e r of the t o w n of E x e t e r , both ambassadors to the F r e n c h g o v e r n m e n t of
C a n a d a sent to negotiate the e x c h a n g e of p r i s o n e r s .
T h u s is i n v o l v e d a series of i n t e r e s t i n g h i s t o r i c a l c oi n c i de n c e s, a l l r e l a t i n g to
the N e w H a m p s h i r e I n d i a n tribes a n d t h e i r n e i g h b o r s , to the efforts o n the part
of the colonies to become safe f r o m a t t a c k s , a n d to the w h o l e c o l o n i z a t i o n efiFort
of p r e - R e v o l u t i o n a r y days.
T h e first of these coincidences is as before stated, that T h o m a s B a k e r , J o h n
S t a r k a n d C a p t a i n Stevens h a d a l l been prisoners of the I n d i a n s . B a k e r not only
has a N e w H a m p s h i r e r i v e r b e a r i n g his n a m e , but received a g r a n t of l a n d , a
p a r t of w h i c h is n o w S a l i s b u r y , n a m e d B a k e r s t o w n i n his h o n o r .
O r i g i n a l l y a n a t i v e of N o r t h a m p t o n , Massachusetts, b o r n i n 1682, T h o m a s
B a k e r w a s t h i r t y years o l d w h e n he became a n " I n d i a n s c o u t " i n c o m m a n d of
a c o m p a n y of t h i r t y m e n o n a n e x p e d i t i o n agai n st the I n d i a n s i n the " N o r t h
C o u n t r y " u n d e r orders f r o m G o v e r n o r D u d l e y of Massachusetts.
H e undoubtedly received this a p p o i n t m e n t t h r o u g h h a v i n g been c a p t u r e d some ten years
e a r l i e r , a n experience w h i c h t a u g h t h i m I n d i a n modes a n d m e t h o d s . H i s other
i m p o r t a n t experience w a s his m e e t i n g i n C a n a d a , w h i l e a c a p t i v e , w i t h M a d a m e
C h r i s t i n e L e B e a u w h o , vi'hen three m o n t h s o l d , h a d been c a r r i e d there as C h r i s tine O t i s by the I n d i a n s .
�HISTORICAL
GENERAL
JOHN
STARK
was born
in Londonderry
1728.
When he made
his famous hunting trip and when captured
in 1752,
he was
ttnenty-fotir.
He served with Rogers's
Rangers
and
under
General
Amherst
at
Ticonderoga and Crown
Point.
John
Stark's
greatest
fame
was
achieved
at the Battle of
Bennington,
fought
largely on New
Yor/i soil at
Waloomstic.
There
he and his New
Hampshire
soldiers
intercepted
the
southern
march of Burgoyne's
army
and
defeated
it.
The occasion
was
said to be a turning
point in the
American
War of Independence.
Starli
was made a Brigadier
General.
He
was the author of New
Hampshire's
State Motto,
"Live
Free or
Die."
N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL
N E W HAMPSHIRE
5
shire H i s t o r i c a l Society's Collections,
T h u s C a p t a i n B a k e r became i n v o l v e d i n
one of the f e w r o m a n c e s g r o w i n g out of the
French and Indian W a r s . Christine L e B e a u
w a s the d a u g h t e r of R i c h a r d O t i s of D o v e r ,
and his w i f e M a r g a r e t W a r r e n . H e r father
had been k i l l e d a n d h i s house b u r n e d i n the
I n d i a n r a i d on D o v e r i n 1689, the r a i d w h i c h
w i t n e s s e d the s l a y i n g of M a j o r R i c h a r d W a l d r o n , one of the l e a d i n g figures i n the early
h i s t o r y of the c o l o n y .
II.
C . A l i c e B a k e r , i n her
New
England
this
Captives,
volume
True
has
Stories
also
of
described
affair.
Mr.
K e t c h u m is not c e r t a i n w h e t h e r
Cap-
t a i n B a k e r met h i s w i f e i n C a n a d a or
after
her r e t u r n to D o v e r , but he l e a r n e d that their
m a r r i a g e w a s a h a p p y one a n d that they h a d
six
children.
One
of
these,
Colonel
Otis
B a k e r , had a daughter, L y d i a , w h o married
Colonel A m o s
A r r i v i n g i n C a n a d a w i t h her m o t h e r , the
d a u g h t e r , C h r i s t i n e , h a d been b a p t i z e d i n the
F r e n c h C h u r c h a n d at s i x t e e n m a r r i e d to a
F r e n c h g e n t l e m a n , L e B e a u , w h o appears to
have d i e d soon after. T h u s she m i g h t legally
t a k e a d v a n t a g e of the p l a n for the e x c h a n g e
of prisoners a n d r e t u r n to D o v e r .
C o g s w e l l of D o v e r .
Another
L y d i a , b o r n of this m a r r i a g e , m a r r i e d P a u l
Wentworth
of
Sandwich
and
became
the
m o t h e r of the H o n o r a b l e J o h n ( " L o n g J o h n " )
W e n t w o r t h , first m a y o r of C h i c a g o .
Christine
Captain
T w o interested h i s t o r i a n s h a v e set d o w n
the events w h i c h o c c u r r e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h
the m a r r i a g e of M a d a m e L e B e a u to C a p t a i n
Baker.
One
was
the
Reverend
Silas
K e t c h u m , l o n g P r e s i d e n t of the N e w H a m p shire A n t i q u a r i a n Society, a n d a m e m b e r of
T h e N e w H a m p s h i r e H i s t o r i c a l Society to
w h i c h he left his l i b r a r y .
T h e Reverend
K e t c h u m ' s article appears i n the N e w H a m p -
Baker
Baker,
lived
her
to
be
husband,
Massachusetts
i n the l e g i s l a t u r e a n d d i e d i n
These
of
first
of
aged
town
the
representative
'753'
the
eighty-four.
was
Brookfield,
seventy-one.
were
not
the o n l y
captives.
The
I n d i a n h i s t o r y of N e w H a m p s h i r e i n fact is
m o r e a history of persons t a k e n to C a n a d a by
the I n d i a n s t h a n a history of battles or scalpings.
W h i l e other states w e r e the scenes of
e x c i t i n g battles
tured
in
with
books
and
the I n d i a n s , l o n g
legend
as
counters w i t h the n a t i v e s i n t h e i r f u l l
giving forth
INDIAN BORDER DECORATION. ENSIGN & THAYER'S
MAP
IN T H E N E W
HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL
SOCIETY'S
COLLECTION.
war-whoops
tomahawks, N e w
and
pic-
bloody
en-
regalia
waving
their
H a m p s h i r e has to be c o n -
tent w i t h p e a c e - m a k i n g e n c o u n t e r s , occasional
"massacres,"
and
the
various
captivities
in
w h i c h a considerable n u m b e r of settlers w e r e
t a k e n to C a n a d a , a n d later r e d e e m e d .
I n d i a n h i s t o r y i n this state b e g a n w i t h the
coming
of
the colonists
i n the
1620's
and
lasted u n t i l the close of the so-called F r e n c h
and
I n d i a n W a r i n the
about
a century and a
1760's, a p e r i o d
half.
The
of
territory
w h i c h is n o w N e w H a m p s h i r e w i t h its l a k e s ,
rivers, mountains and
I n d i a n habitation.
valleys
was
ideal
for
F i s h and game abounded,
p r o v i d i n g both food a n d c l o t h i n g .
T h e tribes
w e r e by no m e a n s large a n d u s u a l l y content
to stay w i t h i n l i m i t e d areas.
F r a n c i s P a r k m a n , the h i s t o r i a n , has w r i t t e n
a d e s c r i p t i o n of the I n d i a n s to the n o r t h i n
A c a d i a w h i c h seems to a p p l y e q u a l l y w e l l to
New
GENERAL JOHN STARK.
FROM A
P R I N T IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
Hampshire.
I n l a n d A f a d i u , he says, w a s a l l forest, a n d
vast tracts of it are a p r i m e v a l forest s t i l l .
Flere r o a m e d the A b e n a k i s w i t h their k i n d r e d
tribes, a race w i l d as their haunts. I n habits
they were all m u c h a l i k e . T h e i r villages w e r e
on the waters of the A n d r o s c o g g i n , the Saco,
�6
HISTORICAL
"LONG
JOHN"
Wentworth
graduated jrom Dartmouth
in tlie Class oj
i8j6.
He was a member
of New
Hampshire's
distinguished
Wentworth
jamily.
After college he went to Chicago
and
became
editor
of
"The
Chicago
Democrat."
He served
as a
Representative
in Congress
and was
first elected Mayor of Chicago in 18^7.
He was the author of the
Wentworth
Genealogy.
N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL
N E W HAMPSHIRE
tlic K e n n e b e c , the Penobscot, the St. C r o i x ,
anil the St. J o h n ; here i n spring they planted
their c o r n , beans, a n d p u m p k i n s , a n d t h e n ,
leaving them to g r o w , w e n t d o w n to the sea i n
their birch-canoes.
T h e y returned towards the e n d of s u m m e r ,
gathered their harvest, and w e n t again to the
sea, w h e r e they lived i n abundance on d u c k s ,
geese, a n d other w a t e r f o w l .
D u r i n g winter,
most of the w o m e n , c h i l d r e n , a n d oltl m e n
7
r e m a i n e d i n the villages; w h i l e the hunters
ranged the forest i n chase of moose, deer,
caribou, beavers, a n d bears.
T h e i r s u m m e r stay at the seashore w a s perhaps the most pleasant, a n d certainly the
most picturesque, part of their lives. B i v o u acked by some of the i n n u m e r a b l e coves a n d
inlets that indent these coasts, they passed
their days i n that alternation of indolence a n d
action w h i c h is a second nature to the I n d i a n .
H e r e i n w e t weather, w h i l e the torpid w a t e r
was d i m p l e d w i t h rain-drops, a n d the u p turned canoes lay idle o n the pebbles, the listless w a r r i o r smoked his pipe u n d e r his roof
of b a r k , or launched his slender craft at the
d a w n of the J u l y d a y , w h e n shores a n d
islands were painted i n shadow against the
rosy east, ancl forests, d u s k y a n d cool, lay
w a i t i n g for the sunrise.
T h e w o m e n gathered raspberries or w h o r t l e berries i n the open places of the woods, or
clams a n d oysters i n the sands a n d s h a l l o w s ,
a d d i n g their shells as a contribution to the
shell-heaps that have accumulated for ages
along these shores. T h e m e n fished, speared
porpoises, o r shot seals. A priest w a s often i n
the c a m p w a t c h i n g over his flock, a n d saying
mass every day i n a chapel of b a r k . T h e r e w a s
no lack of altar candles, made by m i x i n g t a l l o w w i t h the w a x of the bayberry, w h i c h
abounded a m o n g the rocky h i l l s , a n d w a s
gathered i n profusion by the squaws a n d
children.
The
white
men
of
England
came
to
the
s o u t h e r n shores of t h i s t e r r i t o r y a n d the w h i t e
m e n f r o m F r a n c e to the n o r t h e r n
The
INDIAN
PIPE.
NEW
HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL
SOCIETY'S
COLLECTION.
T H E HONORABLE JOHN W F X T W O R I I I ,
FIRST MAYOR o r ("HICAOO. FROM A
PHOIOGRAPH IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL
SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
boundaries.
colonists of these t w o n a t i o n s differed
in
t h e i r r e l a t i o n s to the o r i g i n a l n a t i v e s , a l t h o u g h
both asserted
conversion
publicly that their purpose
was
a n d c i v i l i z a t i o n , not a n n i h i l a t i o n .
SECTION OF MURAL I N THE MASCOMA SAVINGS B A N K , LEBANON, BY BERNARD F .
CHAPMAN.
FROM ' T I E T Y - T H R E E YEARS
OF PROGRESS" I N T H E N E W H A M P SHIRE HISTORICAL
SOCIETY'S LIBRARY.
�s
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL
N E W HAMPSHIRE
K i n g J a m e s I for i n s t a n c e , Jiad said p i o u s l y
w h e n the colonists
the early
i6oo's
first
began to e m b a r k
that he
hoped
the
in
venture
" w o u l d result not o n l y i n profit but t e n d to
the g l o r y of G o d i n p r o p a g a t i n g the C h r i s t i a n
faith among
infidels a n d savages a n d
t h e m to h u m a n i t y a n d c i v i l i t y . "
bring
T h e French
colonists, l i k e w i s e , w e r e a l m o s t u n a n i m o u s i n
t h e i r z e a l to t u r n the I n d i a n s i n t o C h r i s t i a n s ,
a supreme
example
being Father Rasle
the priests associated
It cannot
the early
be a s s u m e d
New
and
with him.
by a n y m e a n s
Hampshire
colonists
here a n d b e g a n i m m e d i a t e w a r f a r e
to d r i v e the I n d i a n s out.
that
landed
intended
T h e r e w a s m u c h to
be l e a r n e d f r o m t h e m .
T h e science of t r a p -
p i n g , the habits of a g r i c u l t u r e a n d e v e n
skills
of
fishing
were
largely
the
unknown
to
t h e m a n d the I n d i a n s , as they t r a d e d , c o u l d
teach
them
a
great
p e r i o d of f r o m
deal.
1623
Thus
to 1675
the
first
w a s a t i m e of
peace-treaties a n d l a n d purchases, the agreements m a d e by the E n g l i s h b e i n g to a i d the
I n d i a n s against other tribes a n d to a l l o w t h e m
full h u n t i n g and
the
fishing
newcomers
privileges.
might
without molestation.
occupy
I n return
their
villages
T h a t this p l a n
worked
to a degree for a l m o s t a n e n t i r e g e n e r a t i o n
is
significant.
W h i l e there w a s a w a r against the I n d i a n s
INDIAN ARROW W I T H SIONK
ARROW-HEAD.
FROM T H E
N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
i n the first h a l f c e n t u r y of A m e r i c a n c o l o n i z a t i o n i n N e w E n g l a n d it d i d not occur i n N e w
Hampshire.
conducted
I t w a s against the P e q u o t s
l a r g e l y by C o n n e c t i c u t .
torian,
Belknap,
period.
Darby
reports
Field
h a v i n g discovered
sent there
who
is
to l o o k
the
the
savages except
with
gold
short
and
There
quarrel
war
and
Captain
a leading
figure
who
John
were
direct
effects
on
New
1643
of the N a r r a g a n s e t t
nomo,
enemy
i r e of
the
capture
of
the
had
and
Indians
a n d a treaty
was
m a d e by
with
success-
which
New
almost
t w o decades.
It
is
significant
that
during
this
period
o c c u r r e d one of the great events i n A m e r i c a n
h i s t o r y , the active
attempt
at c o n v e r s i o n
of
the A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s to the C h r i s t i a n f a i t h ,
i n k e e p i n g w i t h the professed a i m s of K i n g
J a m e s a n d his c o l o n i z e r s C a p t a i n J o h n S m i t h
and
Captain
New
John
Mason,
the
pioneers
of
Hampshire.
O b v i o u s l y , h o w e v e r , n o n e of these
gentle-
m e n h a d the o p p o r t u n i t y to do a n y t h i n g v e r y
p r a c t i c a l about i t , but J o h n
Eliot did.
He
" e n g a g e d i n the great w o r k of p r e a c h i n g u n t o
the
Indians,"
according
established
thus
in N e w
to
was
the
the
who
historian
forerunner
the
next
of
century
H a m p s h i r e as the
same
H o w m u c h the t h i r t y years of peace f r o m the
in
history.
against
Connecticut
the
other i n -
aroused
of
H a m p s h i r e w a s assured protection for
Wheelock,
in
Chieftain, Mianto-
Pequots,
Narragansett
ful
Eleazer
affairs
execution
Winthrop
U n c a s , C h i e f of the M o h e g a n s , w e r e
in
afterward
Hampshire
ill-advised
Governor
to
do
with
E l i o t ' s e n d e a v o r s is a m a t t e r
1630's to the
of
speculation,
i66o's
had
John
but c e r t a i n it is that there w a s peace i n those
years,
which
colonists
war, however,
The
E f f o r t s to p r e v e n t a w a r m a d e by R o g e r W i l l i a m s of R h o d e I s l a n d a n d a c o u n c i l h e l d by
and
h a d served i n t h a t w a r .
T h e Pequot
Samuel Eliot Morison,
in his admirable essay on John
Eliot,
sums
up
Eliot's
achievement
by
saying
that
"Indian
converts
could have
grasped
none oj the intellectual
subtleties
of
Puritanism,
hut if the mental
attitude
of prayer is worth anything Eliot
performed
a great and noble
work-"
JOHN E L I O T PREACHING TO T H E INDIANS.
FROM A P R I N T IN T H E N E W H A M P SHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
Gookin
part
subdued
Hampshire
While preaching to the Indians
many
significant
questions
were
asked
by
them
oj the preacher,
among
them:
"Why is sea-water salt and land
water
jresh?"
To which Eliot replied,
"Why
are strawberries
sweet and
cranberries
sour?"
Another question was, "Ij God could
not be seen with their eyes, how
could
He be seen tvith their sotds
within?"
Eliot's answer was, "If they saw a great
wigwam
wotdd
they think
that raccoons or foxes had built it that had
no wisdom?
No, hut they would
believe
some
wise
workman
made
it
though
they
did not see him.
So
should
they believe
concerning
God
when they looked up to Heaven,
Sun,
Moon and Stars, and saw this
great
house he hath made though
they do
not see him with their
eyes."
sort of preacher i n a s t i l l m o r e p r a c t i c a l w a y .
with
Underbill,
in N e w
JOHN
ELIOT
was horn in
England
in 1604, coming to America
in
1631.
As a minister at Roxhury
he met an
Indian prisoner jrom whom he learned
considerable
0/ the Indian
language.
He began preaching
to the Indians
in
1646.
He established
a mission
in
Massachusetts
jor "praying
Indians,"
and
with
his friend
Major
Daniel
Gookin extended his activities
throughout
New
England
prior
to
King
Philip's
War.
was
had
9
with
w h o d w e l t i n the southeastern
Connecticut
1637."
credited
w i t h the I n d i a n s .
remarkable
of
that
for
been, he s a i d , " n o
Pequots
T h e his-
during
the W h i t e M o u n t a i n s
i n part
p a r t to trade
that
and
N E W HAMPSHIRE
an
gave
the
opportunity
New
to
Hampshire
establish
them-
selves i n the n e w l a n d a n d b u i l d u p the protection they needed against
The
days
of
n o n e too l o n g .
preparation,
B y 1665
the
future.
however,
were
the g r o w t h of
New
the
E n g l a n d a n d the coast t o w n s of N e w
all
s h i r e h a d i n d i c a t e d a need for e x p a n s i o n
Hampto
N e w E n g l a n d of w h i c h N e w H a m p s h i r e w a s
the n o r t h w a r d .
a
T h e y h a d n o ideologies l i k e the m o d e r n ones
part
and
open
warfare
was
theatened.
T h e I n d i a n s k n e w this too.
�10
HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE
II
K i n g P h i l i p ' s W a r i n 1676,
dron's
settlement
in
on M a j o r W a l -
Dover.
After
three
years of neglect of their c r o p s , h o w e v e r , the
Indians discontinued their attacks.
New
Hampshire
commemorated
King
P h i l i p ' s W a r h a l f a c e n t u r y later w h e n G o v ernor
Jonathan
Governor
Hampshire
John
Belcher
and
Wentworth
grants
to
the
Lieutenantmade
New
descendants
of
soldiers i n that w a r , m o s t l y f r o m M a s s a c h u setts: N a r r a g a n s e t t N u m b e r T h r e e , n o w A m herst;
Narragansett
Goffstown;
Number
and Narragansett
Four,
now
Number
Five,
now Bedford, were all named i n commemor a t i o n of the great N e w E n g l a n d w a r w h i c h
SMITH (MKRISON HOUSE. DOVER. FROM THE ORIGINAL PAINTIXC
IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
CAPTAIN
JOHN
LOCKE,
of Rye,
whose sword and the sickle with
which
he defended
himself against an attack
by Indians
who took his life, are
among the most valued possessions of
The New Hampshire
Historical
Society, came to America from
England
in the early i6oo's.
Settling in Dover
and later near Locke's
Neck i" Ry^,
he was reaping his fall harvest
when
several Indians attacked and killed him
but not before he had slashed one of
them with his sickle and cut of) his
nose.
Sickle
and sword
were
given
to The Society many years ago by The
Locke
family
Association,
to
which
they
descended
through
successive
generations
of Lockes.
of
" e n c r o a c h m e n t " or " a g g r e s s i o n "
resented
the
occupation
of
their
b u t they
coastwise
l a n d , their f i s h i n g w a t e r s a n d t h e i r i n t e r v a l e s
by
strangers
whose
civilization
seemed
to
m a k e t h e m p e r m a n e n t o w n e r s a n d not m e r e
tribal
transients as
the I n d i a n s h a d
always
been.
The
r e s u l t w a s a n occasion of f a r - r e a c h i n g
consequence
to
New
Hampshire.
King
P h i l i p ' s W a r w a s d i r e c t e d p r i m a r i l y at M a s s a chusetts, C o n n e c t i c u t a n d R h o d e I s l a n d b u t
it w a s a n a c t i o n by a great C o n f e d e r a t i o n of
Indian
tribes, w h i c h
England
i n c l u d e d a l l the
natives except
the P e n a c o o k s ,
Ossipees a n d the P e q u a w k e t s .
t i m e the
F o r the
w a r r i o r s i n c l u d e d the tribes
New
the
first
from
the n o r t h , w h i c h t o o k i n the M o h a w k s a n d
others later to be k n o w n as the " F i v e
Na-
tions."
The
colonists
blockhouses
h a s t i l y b u i l t stockades
and
a n d d i d a l l they c o u l d to erect
fortifications.
Nevertheless
there
were
I n d i a n attacks on B r o o k f i e l d , Deerfield a n d
Northfield
i n Massachusetts
and,
following
K I N G P H I L I P . FROM A PRINT IN T H E N E W
HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
�12
HISTORICAL
THE
NARRAGANSETT
WAR had
other indirect
effects on New
Hampshire, in addition
to tlie naming
oj
its towns.
In this war tlie
wealthy
Captain
Thomas
Howard
was
killed
and his widow
later married
a Connecticut jarmer,
William Moor.
Upon
his death, liis son, Joshua Moor,
finding himselj
with more property
than
he needed, deeded land and
buildings
near Lebanon,
Connecticut
jor the
jounding
oj Moor's
Indian
Charity
School, which ajterward
became
Dartmouth
College.
HISTORICAL
N E W HAMPSHIRE
completely
annihilated
the
on t h e i r t r a d i n g .
Narragansett
Waldron
W i t h a n u n s e t t l e d peace r e i g n i n g i n most
New
death,
England
the
New
following
Hampshire
King
killed.
Philip's
I n s t e a d the occasion t u r n e d
colonists
ginning
Indian
blockhouses
s c o u t i n g parties
sent out.
were
A
built,
defense
leader
of
the
colonists
fight
and
was
others
w e r e c a p t u r e d a n d t a k e n to C a n a d a , the be-
em-
north.
More
the
M a n y d i e d i n this
b a r k e d on a p o l i c y of a r m e d e x p a n s i o n to the
and
of
a long
attacks
series
of
such
continued
at
Salmon
E x e t e r , a n d the n e a r b y t o w n s .
force
captures.
Falls,
Y o r k , Maine,
w a s o r g a n i z e d i n a l m o s t every t o w n a n d v i l -
was
lage.
Exeter
ham, Rye, in N e w Hampshire, and Haverhill
were
declared
and
Haverhill,
the
frontier
Massachusetts
and
in
bounties
w e r e offered for I n d i a n scalps.
THE
FRENCH
had early reasons to
distrust the Colonists.
Belknap
points
out that the English,
under the Treaty
oj Breda
had ceded the land
jrom
the Penobscot
to Nona Scotia to the
French in exchange
jor the Island oj
St.
Christopher.
"On these lands," says Belknap,
"the
Baron de St. Castine had jor
many
years resided
and carried on a large
, trade tvith the Indians.
In the spring
'• oj i68S,
Governor
Andros
oj Massachusetts went in the jrigate Rose, and
plundered
Castine's
house and
jort,
leaving
only
the ornaments
oj his
^chapel to console him jor his loss oj
arms and goods.
This base action provoked Castine to excite the Indians to
King William's
War."
13
out to be a n a r m e d conflict i n w h i c h M a j o r
Indians.
of
N E W HAMPSHIRE
In
1680
New
b u r n e d a n d the I n d i a n s a t t a c k e d
Massachusetts.
Peace w a s m a d e w i t h the I n d i a n s by G o v -
H a m p s h i r e became a r o y a l
e r n o r D u d l e y i n 1703,
p r o v i n c e a n d the people left w i t h o n l y t h e m -
of
selves to l o o k to for p r o t e c t i o n . T h u s they c o n -
Anne.
t i n u e d u n t i l the o u t b r e a k of a n e w difficulty
themselves
k n o w n as K i n g W i l l i a m ' s W a r .
did
No
longer
w a s it against the s o u t h e r n I n d i a n s b u t the
fierce
tribes f r o m the N o r t h , the
William
the year of the d e a t h
I I I a n d the accession of
The
Indians,
at
St.
considerable
however,
Francis
in
trading
with
Canada
the
in N e w
H a m p s h i r e history a " t r a d i n g
at N a s h u a , c a l l e d Q u e e n ' s G a r r i s o n .
1689
meantime
allies
the
A i d e d i n A m e r i c a by t h e i r A b e n a k i
who
Penacooks,
in
turn
were
Cochecos
and
allied
with
the
Pequawkets,
the
of
there o c c u r r e d the
prisoners
and
the
lines
first
of
post"
I n the
exchange
towns
were
g r a d u a l l y e x t e n d e d to the n o r t h w a r d .
B e l k n a p , the h i s t o r i a n , says of this p e r i o d
F r e n c h a n d I n d i a n s w e r e a l l u n d e r the i m -
that " t h e g o v e r n o r of C a n a d a h a d e n c o u r a g e d
p l i c i t d i r e c t i o n of F r o n t e n a c at Q u e b e c .
the I n d i a n s w h o i n h a b i t e d the borders of N e w
T h e first o u t b r e a k o c c u r r e d at D o v e r w h e r e
England
the N e w H a m p s h i r e tribes h a d come to c a r r y
to r e m o v e
to
Canada"
where,
INDIAN
TOMAHAWK.
FROM
T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE H I S l O R i o A L SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
INDIAN T R I B A L CHIEF'S BEADED V E S T ,
W I T H H I S L I F E HISTORY ( F R O N T ) .
FROM
T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
and
New
E n g l a n d e r s , w h o established for the first t i m e
Abenakis.
a n d F r a n c e soon d e c l a r e d w a r o n
Queen
established
W i l l i a m I I I h a d become K i n g of E n g l a n d i n
English.
Dur-
INDIAN T R I B A L CHIEF'S BEADED V E S T ,
W I T H H I S L I F E HISTORY ( B A C K ) .
FROM
T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
he
�14
HISTORICAL
FOREMOST
among the French
missionaries
to the Indians
was
Father
Sebastian
Rasle, a much loved
Jesuit
priest, who apparently
possessed a great
personal
magnetism
in contrast to the
enthusiastic
but
comparatively
unimaginative
John
Eliot.
Father Rasle is said to have
hunted
and fished
with the Indians,
"always
erecting a chapel of bark that he might
say a daily mass."
His first church in
the colonies
was destroyed
by the
settlers in 170$ while
he was absent.
He built another,
adorned
with
paintings done by himself, and
maintained
an Indian
choir of forty voices
with
home-made
bayberry
candles
at the
altar which were said to have made a
"blaze
of
light."
Sebastian
Rasle compiled
a
French
dictionary
of Indian
terms which
has
been preserved.
He was killed
{1724)
near a cross he had erected
at Norridgewock
in Maine during
Lovewell's
War.
Many
years later a group
of
Protestants
and
Catholics
joined
to
erect
a monument
over
hts
grave
\
celebrating,
as his
biographer
• says, the "patient
toils of the
missionary and love of the darkened
soid of
*,the Indian,
placing the names of Eliot
and Rasle in a fellowship
which
they
indeed
would
both have rejected,
but
which we may regard as hallowed
and
true."
N E W HAMPSHIRE
adds, "they
the affairs
HISTORICAL
became
more
firmly
attached
of t h e F r e n c h a n d c o u l d be
N E W HAMPSHIRE
to
more
easily d i s p a t c h e d to the f r o n t i e r s . "
Thus
the
the conflect b e t w e e n
red
men
Indians
took
engaged
on
a
almost
the w h i t e s
new
wholly
seldom i n open w a r f a r e .
and
aspect.
in
The
"raids,"
C o m p a n i e s of
New
H a m p s h i r e v o l u n t e e r s often r e t u r n e d w i t h o u t
meeting
sudden
any,
w h i l e , as
attacks
by
in
1706,
small
there
bodies
on
were
Dover,
O y s t e r R i v e r a n d the t o w n s to the east.
the I n d i a n s descended
and
Great
Boar's
on E x e t e r ,
Head,
Later
Kingston,
taking
scalps
and
that
prevailed
prisoners.
Such
was
the c o n d i t i o n
the accession of K i n g G e o r g e I i n 1713.
at
The
s i g n i n g of the Peace T r e a t y of U t r e c h t i n that
year b r o u g h t a cessation of E u r o p e a n
hostili-
ties for a p e r i o d of t w e n t y - s i x years a n d
Hampshire
benefitted
accordingly.
New
INDIAN CHILD'S SNOWSHOES. N E W H A M P SHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
There
w e r e s e v e r a l e x c e p t i o n s , h o w e v e r , as far as the
Indians were concerned.
shire's t h i r d
I n 1722
New Hamp-
I n d i a n w a r occurred, k n o w n
as
L o v e w e l l ' s W a r , made famous through w i d e l y
circulated ballads a n d
The
Francis
first
serious
Indians
pamphlets.
attacks
at
were
Dover
in
by
the
1724.
St.
Cap-
t a i n J o h n L o v e w e l l of D u n s t a b l e i m m e d i a t e l y
o r g a n i z e d a c o m p a n y a n d m e t t h e m the n e x t
year at P e q u a w k e t , n o w F r y e b u r g .
Jonathan
F r y e , w h o s e n a m e the t o w n s bears, w a s C h a p lain
in
Maine,
F r y e b u r g w a s settled l a r g e l y by N e w
of
Hamp-
shire
Paugus
to
the
the
company.
people.
The
Indians
w e r e defeated
colonists.
Although
under
Chief
w i t h considerable
Chaplain Frye
was
i n the battle as w a s C a p t a i n L o v e w e l l .
loss
killed
The
N e w H a m p s h i r e t o w n of S u n c o o k , n o w P e m broke, was granted
years after
the
to L o v e w e l l ' s
men
three
fight.
B e l k n a p has d e s c r i b e d this p e r i o d i n I n d i a n
history v i v i d l y .
To
account, he says, for the frequent
w a r s w i t h the eastern I n d i a n s , u s u a l l y called
by the F r e n c h , the A b e n a q u i s , a n d their
unsteadiness both i n w a r and peace; w e m u s t
observe, that they were situated between the
colonies of t w o E u r o p e a n nations, w h o w e r e
often at w a r w i t h each other, antl w h o pursued
very different measures w i t h regard to t h e m .
As the lands o n w h i c h they l i v e d w e r e c o m prehended i n the patents granted by the c r o w n
of E n g l a n d , the natives were considered b y the
E n g l i s h as subjects of that c r o w n .
I n the
treaties a n d conferences held w i t h t h e m they
were styled the k i n g ' s subjects; w h e n w a r w a s
declared against t h e m , they w e r e called rebels;
PAUGUS
was one of the Chiefs of
the Pequawket
tribe.
He is said to
have organized
many of the
Indian
raids which brought on Lovewell's
War
in 172^.
His warriors
were
attacked
by Captain
Lovewell
on the
border
between
Maine
and New
Hampshire
near Fryeburg,
as they were about to
leave on an expedition
carrying
much
ammunition
together
with spare
blankets and moccasins for the use of captives.
Paugus
and all his men
were
killed in this attackA verse composed
the occasion
begins:
to
commemorate
'Twas Paugus led the Pequ'k't
tribe:
As runs the fox, would Paugus
run;
As howls
the wild
wolf, would
he
howl;
A huge bear-skin
had Paugus
on.
But Chamberlain,
of
Dunstable,
One whom
a savage ne'er shall
slay.
Met Paugus
by the
water-side.
And shot him dead upon that day.
and w h e n they w e r e compelled to m a k e peace,
they subscribed a n a c k n o w l e d g m e n t of their
perfidy a n d a declaration of their submission
to the g o v e r n m e n t w i t h o u t a n y j u s t ideas of
the m e a n i n g of those t e r m s ; a n d i t is a difficult point to determine w h a t k i n d of subjects
they w e r e .
Besides the patents derived f r o m the c r o w n
the E n g l i s h , i n general, were fond of obtaining f r o m the I n d i a n s , deeds of sale for tho.se
lands o n w h i c h they were disposed to m a k e
settlements.
Some of these deeds w e r e executed w i t h legal f o r m a l i t y , a n d a valuable
consideration w a s paid to the natives for the
purchase; others were obscure a n d u n c e r t a i n ;
but
the
memory
of
such
transactions
WAS soon lost a m o n g a people w h o h a d no
w r i t t e n records.
L a n d s h a d been purchased of the I n d i a n
chiefs on the rivers K c n n e b e c k a n d St. George
at a n early period; b u t the succeeding I n d i a n s
either h a d no k n o w l e d g e of the sales m a d e by
their ancestors, or had a n idea that such bargains were not b i n d i n g o n posterity w h o h a d
as m u c h need of the lands, a n d c o u l d use t h e m
to the same purpose as their fathers. A t first,
the I n d i a n s d i d not k n o w that the E u r o p e a n
m a n n e r of c u l t i v a t i n g lands a n d erecting m i l l s
and tlams w o u l d drive a w a y the game a n d
fish, and thereby deprive them of the means
of subsistence; a f t e r w a r d , finding by e x p e r i ence that this w a s the consec]uence of a d m i t ting foreigners to settle a m o n g t h e m , they
repented of their hospitality a n d were i n c l i n e d
to dispossess their n e w neighbors, as the o n l y
w a y of restoring the country to its pristine
state a n d of recovering their u s u a l mode of
subsistence.
T h e y were e x t r e m e l y offended by the settlements w h i c h the E n g l i s h , after the peace of
�i6
HISTORICAL
JEREMY
BELKNAP,
was horn
in
Boston,
IJ44,
entered
Harvard
at
fifteen, graduating
in 1762.
He tatiglit
sc/iool in New Hampshire
and
hecame
pastor
of the Dover
Congregational
Church.
He was the author
of the
first definitive
"History
of New
Hampshire"
in three volumes
and was one
of the founders
of The
Massachusetts
Historical
Society.
He died in
lygS.
N E W
HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL
17
It was i n the power of the E n g l i s h to supply them w i t h provisions, a r m s , a m m u n i t i o n ,
blankets and other articles w h i c h they w a n t e d
cheaper than they could purchase them of the
French.
G o v e r n o r Shute hat! promised that
t r a i l i n g houses should be established a m o n g
t h e m , and that a s m i t h should be provided
to keep their a r m s and other i n s t r u m e n t s i n
repair; but the u n h a p p y contentions between
the governor and assembly of Massachusetts
|)revented a compliance w i t h this engagement.
T h e I n d i a n s were therefore obliged to submit to the impositions of private traders, or
to seek supplies f r o m the F r e n c h w h o failed
not to j o i n w i t h them i n reproaching the
E n g l i s h for this breach of promise, a n d for
their a v i d i t y i n getting a w a y the l a n d .
GOVERNOR SAMUEL SHUTE. FROM
A P R I N T IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
SAMUEL
SHUTE
was governor
of
New
Hampshire
and also
Massachusetts from 1716 to 1724.
Through
his
influence
and that of his hrother
fohn
Slitite,
Earl of Barrington,
tlie
Scotch
settlers in the north of Ireland
were
welcomed
to America
in 1718,
where
they
settled
in
Londonderry,
New
Hampshire.
INDUS- SIGNATURKS OX E A R L Y M A P OF
N E W HAMPSHIRE " N O R T H COUNTRY."
FROM
THE
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
HAMPSHIRE
K i n g of F r a n c e ; and solitary traders resided
w i t h , or occasionally visited t h e m ; but no
attempt was made by any c o m p a n y to settle
on their lands.
U t r e c h t , inatle on the hmths to the eastward
and by their b u i l d i n j ; forts, block houses and
n u l l s ; whereby their mode of passing the rivers
and carrying-places was i n t e r r u p t e d ; and they
could not believe, though they were told w i t h
great solemnity, that these forufications w e r e
erected for their defence against i n v a s i o n .
W h e n conferences were held w i t h t h e m on this
subject, they either denied that the lands h a d
been sold, or pretended that the sachems h a d
exceedetl their power i n m a k i n g the bargains;
or had c o n v e j e d lands beyond the limits of
their tribe; or that the E n g l i s h had t a k e n
advantage of their d r u n k e n n e s s to m a k e t h e m
sign the deeds; or that no valuable consideration had been g i v e n for the purchase.
No
arguments or evidence w h i c h could be a d duced w o u l d satisfy them unless the lands w e r e
paid for a g a i n ; antl had this been done once,
their posterity after a few years w o u l d have
renewed the d e m a n d .
O n the other h a n d , the F r e n c h d i d not i n
a f o r m a l m a n n e r declare them subjects of the
c r o w n of F r a n c e but every tribe, h o w e v e r
s m a l l , w a s a l l o w e d to preserve its independence.
T h o s e w h o were situated i n the heart
of C a n a d a kept their lands to themselves,
w h i c h were never solicited f r o m t h e m ; those
w h o d w e l t on the rivers a n d shores of the
A d a n t i c , though distant f r o m the F r e n c h
colonies, received a n n u a l presents f r o m the
N E W
T h e inhabitants of the eastern parts of N e w
E n g l a n d were not of the best character for
religion and were ill-adapted to engage the
affections of the I n d i a n s by their e x a m p l e .
T h e frequent hostilities on this quarter, not
only kept alive a spirit of jealousy a n d revenge i n i n d i v i d u a l s , but jirevented a n y e n deavors
to propagate religious
knowledge
a m o n g the I n d i a n s by the g o v e r n m e n t ; though
it was one of the conditions of their charter;
and though m a n y good men w i s h e d it might
be attempted.
A t length. G o v e r n o r Shute, i n his conference w i t h their sachems at A r r o w s i c k , i n t r o duced this i m p o r t a n t business by
offering
thcni i n a f o r m a l m a n n e r , an I n d i a n bible,
and a protestant missionary; but they rejected
both, saying " G o d hath g i v e n us teaching a l ready, and if we should go f r o m i t , we should
displease h i m . " H e w o u l d have done m u c h
better service and perhaps prevented a w a r ,
if he had complied w i t h their earnest desire
to fix a boundary beyond w h i c h the E n g l i s h
should not extend their settlements. . \m a n , i n conversation w i t h one of
their
sachems, asked h i m w h y they w e r e so strongly
attached to the F r e n c h , f r o m w h o m they
could not expect to receive so m u c h benefit
as f r o m the E n g l i s h ; the sachem g r a v e l y a n s w e r e d , "because the F r e n c h have taught
us to prav to G o d , w h i c h the E n g l i s h never
did."
A considerable n u m b e r of prisoners h a v i n g
been t a k e n d u r i n g these t i m e s . N e w H a m p s h i r e , i n 1725, m a d e its first overtures to the
C a n a d i a n a u t h o r i t i e s for t h e i r r e t u r n .
The
F r e n c h g o v e r n o r at M o n t r e a l a r r a n g e d a
m e e t i n g of the C o m m i s s i o n , of w h i c h T h e o dore A t k i n s o n of N e w H a m p s h i r e w a s one,
w i t h the I n d i a n chiefs of the A b e n a k i tribe.
S i x t e e n captives w e r e r a n s o m e d as the result
of this m e e t i n g .
�HISTORICAL
N E W HAMPSHIRE
The
province
blessed
with
HISTORICAL
of
New
Hampshire
comparative
peace
I n d i a n s for the n e x t decade.
the
Settlements
i n tiers a n d n a m e d
ber, one, t w o , three a n d four.
by
19
was
with
ad-
v a n c e d to the n o r t h as t o w n after t o w n
g r a n t e d , often
N E W HAMPSHIRE
was
num-
N o t u n t i l the
accession of K i n g G e o r g e I I I i n 1741
d i d the
I n d i a n s a g a i n become a threat to N e w
Hamp-
shire.
T h e w a r s b e t w e e n the w h i t e m e n a n d
red
men
affairs.
had
heretofore
With
hostilities
been
purely
between
the
local
England
a n d S p a i n , i n w h i c h the F r e n c h a l l i e d t h e m selves against
the
began.
Hampshire
New
English, a world
would
conflict
be
drawn
i n t o this conflict, since it lay on the
border-
line between F r a n c e and E n g l a n d .
B y the year
between
1 7 4 4 there w a s open
the N e w
E n g l a n d colonies
warfare
and
the
F r e n c h to the n o r t h , s a i d to be to protect the
fishing
interests at C a p e B r e t o n but
to b e g i n
probably
a n e w series of attacks against
the
I n d i a n tribes c o n s i d e r e d to be a l l i e d w i t h the
French in
Canada.
T h e extent to w h i c h this w a s t r u e is u n certain.
As
early
as
1725
Vaudreuil,
the
F r e n c h G o v e r n o r of C a n a d a h a d i n s i s t e d t h a t
his g o v e r n m e n t
" h a d neither encouraged
or
s u p p l i e d t h e m for the purpose of w a r . " T h e y
were,
INDIAN M A L L E T . FROM T H E
N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
"an
he
asserted
independent
(meaning
the
Abenakis),
n a t i o n " a n d s a i d that
war
w a s " u n d e r t a k e n by t h e m i n defence of t h e i r
l a n d s w h i c h h a d been i n v a d e d by the people
of N e w
('oi.oNiAi. l^LocK HOUSE AND Situ.KADI,.
FROM A P R I N T IN
T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL S o c i E ' r Y ' s COLLECTION.
England."
INDIAN BEADED MOCCASINS IN T H E N E W
HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
ONE of the New Hampshire
forts,
or "garrisons"
at Concord is
described
in a printed address given in i8go hefore Tlie
New
Hampsliire
Historical
Society.
It was htiilt, according to this
address: "of hewed logs, which lay flat
upon each
other."
The ends, heing fitted for the purpose, it continues,
ivere inserted
in
grooves
set in large posts, erected at
each corner.
They enclosed an area of
several square rods, were raised to the
height
of a common
dwelling-house,
and at two or more of the
corners
were placed hoxcs where sentinels
kept
watch.
In some cases, several
small
huildings,
erected
for the
temporary
accommodation
of families, were
within the enclosure.
Houses
not
connected with garrisons were all
deserted
hy their owners, and tire furniture
removed.
In the day-time
men
went
forth
to tlieir labors
in
companies,
always carrying their guns with
them,
and one or more of tlieir
number
placed on guard.
If the Indians
were
discovered
approaching,
alarm
guns
were fired, and the report
answered
from fort to fort.
On the Sabbath tJie
men went armed to the Iwuse of worship, stacked their guns around a post
in tile middle,
and sat down
with
bullet-pouch
and potvder-liorn
slung
across
their
shoulders,
while
their
pastor, the Rev. Timothy
Walker,
who
is said to have had the best gun in
the parish, prayed and preached
with
his gun standing in the
ptdpit.
Mr.
Atkinson,
shire
at
claimed
outside
the
representing
conference
t h a t the N e w
their
province
New
held
in
HampMontreal,
England
lands
and
the
that
were
whites
h a d as m u c h r i g h t there as the I n d i a n s .
is c e r t a i n that the N o r t h e r n I n d i a n s
o n l y a total of a f e w
Hampshire
One
square
It
occupied
m i l e s of
New
agreed
upon
territory.
thing
is a p p a r e n t
and
by h i s t o r i a n s : that the w a y to the a t t a c k
Cape
Breton
by
the N e w
Englanders
on
asso-
ciated as they w e r e w i t h the E n g l i s h C r o w n ,
lay t h r o u g h I n d i a n c o u n t r y a n d that the I n d i a n tribes there m u s t be o v e r c o m e
first.
appears,
another
however,
that
there
was
It
route a n d the battle of L o u i s b o u r g , the c i t a d e l
of C a p e
on
the
Breton, w a s actually fought
sea.
Most
of the
New
largely
Hampshire
v o l u n t e e r s w h o took p a r t i n it n e v e r s a w a n y
I n d i a n s , except those c o m p a r a t i v e l y
few
who
helped to m a n the forts p r o t e c t i n g the F r e n c h
c i t i z e n s of a n o t h e r w i s e
New
England
volunteers
clergy
peaceful
city.
had, according
to h i s t o r y ,
m o t i v e s ; first to protect the N e w
countryside
second
vaders,"
to
against
move
who
"aggression,"
the
had
t h i r d to
the
no
several
Hampshire
Northern
against
probably
and
The
w h o e n c o u r a g e d these
Indians;
French
"in-
i n t e n t i o n of
instigate
a
reli-
g i o u s " c r u s a d e " ostensibly opposed to that of
the F r e n c h , w h i c h w o u l d , as the
Reverend
G e o r g e W h i t e f i e l d p u t i t , be " u n d e r the l e a d -
�20
HISTORICAL
NEW
BRETON
was the name of
a New
Hampshire
town granted
by
Governor
Bcnning
Wentworth
in
ly^i
in honor of those w/io fought at Cape
Breton.
Among
the
applicants
for
land were Captain John Ladd and Captain Ebenezer
Webster, father of Daniel
Webster.
In lyyg
the town was renamed
Andovcr.
N E W
HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL
N E W
21
HAMPSHIRE
e r s h i p of C h r i s t , " a n d i n the w o r d s of P a r s o n
the
M o o d y of P o r t s m o u t h , " h e w d o w n the a h a r s
C h a r l e s t o w n i n his h o n o r .
i n the F r e n c h c h u r c h e s . "
Indian
W h a t e v e r a c t u a l l y o c c u r r e d , the F r e n c h a n d
I n d i a n s d i d not t h e n i n v a d e N e w
since
Louisbourg
siege,
with
Shirley
was
subdued
Colonel
and
settlement
attacks
subsequently
similar
to
C h a r l e s t o w n , but a p p a r e n d y
England,
following
was
i n by the F r e n c h forces,
a
named
the
one
at
not p a r t i c i p a t e d
also took
place
at
R o c h e s t e r a n d at C o n c o r d ( t h e n called R u m -
Pepperrell,
Governor
f o r d ) d u r i n g the same p e r i o d .
Lieutenant-Governor
Vaughan
attack
in
1746,
known
T h e Concord
i n history
as
"The
e m e r g i n g as heroes, n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g the fact
B r a d l e y M a s s a c r e , " r e s u l t e d i n the s l a y i n g of
that
five
i n the r e s u l t i n g treaty
of A i x - l a - C h a p -
citizens, whose
names
are i n s c r i b e d
on
pelle the E n g l i s h r e t u r n e d L o u i s b o u r g to its
w h a t is k n o w n as " T h e B r a d l e y
Monument"
original F r e n c h proprietors.
i n the w e s t e r n p a r t of the t o w n .
T h e monu-
T h e L o u i s b o u r g i n c i d e n t , h o w e v e r , w a s not
w i t h o u t its I n d i a n repercussions.
naki
The
tribes, bitter at the a p p a r e n t
t h e i r F r e n c h patrons, soon b e g a n
ment
Abe-
defeat
was
deeded
of
erected
to T h e
in
New
1837
and
was
Hampshire
later
Historical
Society.
retaliatory
A t the b e g i n n i n g of the S e v e n Y e a r s ' W a r ,
w a r f a r e i n earnest against N e w E n g l a n d a n d
k n o w n i n A m e r i c a as the F r e n c h a n d I n d i a n
New
W a r , N e w H a m p s h i r e v o l u n t e e r troops p a r t i -
Hampshire
in particular.
Forts
at once erected by Massachusetts
Four
or
Charlestown;
Great
at
were
Number
Meadow
W e s t m o r e l a n d ; G r e a t F a l l or W a l p o l e ;
Dummer
or
Hinsdale;
Upper
Ashuelot
H a m p s h i r e fortifications
Souhegan
East
or
or
The
Indian
these
places.
against
T h e encounters
do
most
ticut R i v e r
from
Canada
Indians,
directly
the
New
a
Johnson.
campaign
Hampshire
T h e f r o n t i e r t o w n s of S a l i s b u r y ,
not
down
and
the
seem
Connec-
preyed
located b e t w e e n the
panies of " R a n g e r s "
BRADLEY MONUMENT. D E E D E D TO T H E
N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
Robert
interest.
Rogers
of w h i c h that of
T h e a c c o u n t of R o g e r s ' s R a n g e r s is
upon
Connec-
I n 1747, h o w e v e r . C a p t a i n P h i n e h a s Stevens
h a v i n g o r g a n i z e d w h a t w a s p r o b a b l y the
of
"Rangers,"
a r r i v e d at
t o w n f r o m D e e r f i e l d a n d set u p
first
Charles-
headquarters
i n the F o r t k n o w n as " N u m b e r F o u r , " u n d e r
the j u r i s d i c t i o n of M a s s a c h u s e t t s .
F o r almost
the first t i m e a n I n d i a n " b a t t l e " o c c u r r e d o n
N e w H a m p s h i r e s o i l , i n w h i c h the a t t a c k i n g
force
was composed,
diers.
Although
i n p a r t , of F r e n c h sol-
this force
apparently
out-
n u m b e r e d the g a r r i s o n t h e i r a t t a c k w a s u n successful.
a
sturdy
plan
The
fort,
four-sided
b u i l t i n the f o r m
log
of w h i c h has been
ported
to
be
the
best of
stockade,
preserved,
an
of
exact
was
re-
its k i n d i n
New
E n g l a n d a n d a m o d e l for other t o w n s .
Ad-
miral Sir Charles Knowles, in command
of
the E n g l i s h fleet at B o s t o n m a d e the g a r r i s o n
a gift of a h a n d s o m e
gold-hiked
sword
and
Major
c l a i m s the greatest h i s t o r i c a l
t i c u t a n d the M e r r i m a c k .
company
extent
the I n d i a n s
a n d captives t a k e n .
of
to h a v e been by l a r g e bodies of I n d i a n s , but
the settlements
not
T h e s e i n c i d e n t s l e d to the f o r m i n g of c o m -
recurred
small groups w h o came
the
was
W a l p o l e , H i n s d a l e and Keene were all raided
Rochester.
attacks
against
t h e i r allies.
Souhegan
W e s t or A m h e r s t a n d at L o n d o n d e r r y , C h e s ter, E p s o m a n d
this
to w h i c h the F r e n c h h a d m a d e
Hopkinton,
Merrimack,
While
soldiers h a d reason to l e a r n soon the
w e r e b u i l t at
Pcnacook, Suncook, Contoocook,
i n the a t t a c k on C r o w n P o i n t
u n d e r the d i r e c t i o n of S i r W i l l i a m
Fort
K e e n e a n d L o w e r A s h u e l o t or S w a n z e y .
New
cipated i n 1754
or
S I R W I L L I A M IOHNSON.
FROM A
P R I N T IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
�22
HISTORICAL
N E W HAMPSHIRE
SIR WILLIAM
JOHNSON
was tlie
nephew of Admiral
Sir Peter
Warren,
tvho bore the same name as the New
Hampshire
town of Warren and who
received
a grant of land in the Mohawk Valley from the English
government.
Sir William
came to
America
and settled on this land in iJsS.
In
I74y it was largely through
his efforts
that the Mohawk
Indians
remained
peaceful
during
the
war
betiveen
England
and
Prance.
He held numerous
councils with the
tribes,
with whom
lie traded in furs
and othei- articles
and in 7755 was
given the "sole management
and direction of the affairs of the six nations of
Indians and their allies."
In this position he commanded
a force of some
two thousand
colonial
militia and two
or three
hundred
Indians.
In
iy6o
with a force of several hundred
Indians
lie joined
General
Amherst
in the
attack on
Montreal.
After the death of his first wife he
married
Molly
Brant,
a Mohawk
Indian and sister of Chief Joseph
Brant,
, whose Indian
name was
Thayendanegea and who was among the
Indians
educated
at Moor's
Indian
Charity
School at Lebanon,
Connecticut,
which
later hecame Dartmouth
College.
ROBERT R t x j E R S . FROM A P R I N T
IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE H I S TORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
told i n c o n s i d e r a b l e
in
his
which
Journal
The
of
d e t a i l by R o g e r s h i m s e l f
Major
New
Robert
Hampshire
ciety L i b r a r y has s e v e r a l
ing
is
first
Rogers
his
re-told
by
Rogers
T h e story
K e n n e t h Roberts
h i s t o r i c a l n o v e l , Northivest
Major
So-
editions i n c l u d -
the r a r e D u b l i n copy of 1770.
admirably
of
Historical
collected
in
Passage.
a group
of
excel-
l e n t m a r k s m e n , a l l m e n w e l l - e q u i p p e d to face
severe
hardships,
ments
i n the v i c i n i t y of F o r t E d w a r d , F o r t
William
and
Henry
after
and
several
Crown
engage-
Point,
the
R a n g e r s w e r e o r d e r e d by G e n e r a l A m h e r s t to
destroy
The
the I n d i a n v i l l a g e of S t . F r a n c i s .
march
took
T h e y were ordered
to k i l l w o m e n
them
twenty-one
and children.
They
the m e n , t a k i n g
and
returned
down
the
the
remainder
This
is t h e last n o t a b l e
New
Hampshire
history.
most
prisoners
Connecticut
G e n e r a l J o h n S t a r k w a s one of the
not
attacked
the v i l l a g e d u r i n g the n i g h t , d i s p a t c h e d
of
days.
by G e n e r a l A m h e r s t
River.
Rangers.
I n d i a n encounter
in
CAPTAIN JOSEPH BRANT, "THAYENDENEGEA." FROM AN ENGRAVING
IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
�24
HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE
EMMA
COLEMAN,
in her
fine
study of "New England
Captives
Carried to Canada,"
says:
"Our Indian enemies
in the Intercolonial Wars were almost without exception from the missions, from
those
established
on the rivers of Maine by
priests going
to Indian
villages
and
from those in Canada, near
Montreal,
Three Rivers and Quebec, to which Indians from New England
and New
York had been urged to migrate.
And
back to their mission-homes
they carried our people, where today many of
their kin are
living."
SECTION OF CAPTAIN JOSEPH BLAXCHAUD'S MAP^ SHOWING ROUTE OVER
W H I C H INDIAN CAPTIVES W E R E T A K E N TO CANADA.
FROM T H E
ORIGINAL IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
I
or the I n d i a n s , c a m e
to A m e r i c a f r o m
they c o u l d h a v e w h a t they f o u n d h e r e , w h e t h e r
fish,
'America
h a d a precedent f r o m the S p a n i a r d s .
and brought
back
treasure
i n gold
and
E n g l a n d colonists k n e w there w a s n o g o l d a n d s i l v e r to be f o u n d .
is t o l d t h a t at one t i m e , l o n g after, a gifted
t h e e a r l y colonists of N e w
secution."
make
a
from
collected
considerable
either
South
the
New
The
story
speaker h a d t o l d h i s hearers
that
H a m p s h i r e " h a d c o m e here to escape r e l i g i o u s
per-
c a p t u r e a n d the events l e a d i n g u p to it.
Why
and
of
these people w e r e t a k e n to C a n a d a ,
h o w they w e r e treated a n d w h a t became
those
who
never
r e t u r n e d is w o r t h c o n -
s i d e r i n g at the outset.
of
colonization
was
T h e religious
as
important
H a m p s h i r e is u n i q u e i n h i s t o r y because of the fact
and
P u r i t a n of N e w E n g l a n d .
far
U n f o r t u n a t e l y for
H a m p s h i r e settlements
greater success
among
the
The
Indians
French
the F r e n c h
i n their
not
missionary
than
only
did
T h i s is one of the strange
M a n y of these captives w e r e t h u s
T h e s e prisoners
were
e l s e w h e r e , b u t of greater i m p o r t a n c e
the F r e n c h f a i t h , a d d i n g each t i m e , they h o p e d , to the s t r e n g t h of their
the F r e n c h . T h e i r v a l u e to the F r e n c h w a s
at
least
captures
threefold.
weaken
Not
the
only
would
E n g l i s h colonies,
over
to
own
c o l o n i z a t i o n i n C a n a d a a n d d i m i n i s h i n g that of the E n g l i s h colonies.
The
New
H a m p s h i r e H i s t o r i c a l Society's L i b r a r y has one of the best col-
lections i n A m e r i c a of " c a p t i v e " I n d i a n accounts.
S o m e are m e r e m a n u s c r i p t s .
MODEL OF BIKCH-BARK CANOE IN T H E N E W
HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
to the
I n d i a n w a s the o p p o r t u n i t y of s e l l i n g t h e m to
paradoxes
carried back
adopted
i n t o the tribes at S t . F r a n c i s i n C a n a d a a n d
A g a i n a n d a g a i n the I n d i a n s descended f r o m the n o r t h o n a N e w H a m p s h i r e
prisoners."
for
m a s t e r y of N o r t h A m e r i c a .
an
r i v e r s a n d m o u n t a i n s to be sold to the F r e n c h , not as slaves but as converts
them
allies i n the great s t r u g g l e
of h i s t o r y .
t o w n or v i l l a g e to " t a k e
the
converted
e n t i r e l y n e w p r i n c i p l e ; they treated the settlers as they d i d furs a n d fish s e e k i n g
p r i m a r i l y to c a p t u r e t h e m a n d sell t h e m .
the
F r e n c h C a t h o l i c of C a n a d a as i t w a s to the
that i n s t e a d of
k i l l i n g the " i n t r u d e r s " the I n d i a n n a t i v e s of the soil adopted
aspect
to
money."
fighting
or
a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l g i v i n g the story of a specific
i n t o effective
first.
are
biographical
" N a y , " r e p l i e d someone i n the a u d i e n c e , " t h e y c a m e here to fish a n d
New
docu-
number
t h e m to t h e i r f a i t h but also c o n v e r t e d
England
H a d they not gone to
B u t soon
pamphlets,
English.
or g a m e or m i n e r a l s
silver!
printed
labors
or m e r e l y soil to be c u l t i v a t e d .
They
fragments
And
had
N T H E C O N T E S T W i t h the I n d i a n s i n N e w H a m p s h i r e the p r o b l e m before the
T h e s e settlers h a d been t o l d that i f they c a m e
are
ments.
the N e w
New Hampshire Persons T a k e n as Captives
by the Indians
settlers as to w h o s h o u l d h a v e the l a n d , they
Others
25
INDIAN D O L L .
N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
these
but
�HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE
THE
NEW
HAMPSHIRE
clergy
were particularly
irritated to find that
captives taken to Canada hy the Indians
had been given special protection
hy
the
French
Government.
Governor
Penning
Wentworth
voiced this concern when he wrote Lord
Holderness
in iy54 that "the young people
(captives)
are exposed
to the craft
oj
Romish clergy and are in great
danger
oj heing corrupted
with the
pernicious
principles oj the Church oj Rome, who
are assiduous in pro.^elytizing
them to
their own
religion."
The
first
27
captives to be t a k e n to
Canada
by the I n d i a n s w e r e those f r o m H a t f i e l d a n d
D e e r f i e l d , Massachusetts
of
King
Major
i n 1677
Philip's W a r .
Ebenezer
One
at the e n d
of
Hinsdale, from
these
was
whom
the
N e w Hampshire town was named.
w h o escaped,
Indians
apiece
for
though,
were
brought
expected
at
their
the
back news that
to
receive
captives
eight
in
at w a r
with
these
pounds
Canada
time, E n g l a n d
not openly
Another
and
one
even
France
another.
T h e C a n a d i a n I n d i a n s , it w a s b e l i e v e d , w o u l d
j o i n the n e x t r a i d i f this one p r o v e d
finan-
c i a l l y successful.
All
the captives w h o s u r v i v e d the t r e k to
C a n a d a w e r e redeemed
the f o l l o w i n g s p r i n g
i n c l u d i n g t w o infants aptly n a m e d
Waite
and
" C a p t i v i t y " Jennings.
"Canada"
In
order
to a c c o m p l i s h t h i s forty-six t o w n s c o n t r i b u t e d
344
p o u n d s , 3 s h i l l i n g s a n d 6 pence.
i n t e r e s t i n g to note
that the t o w n of
I t is
Ports-
m o u t h m a d e the second largest c o n t r i b u t i o n
to t h i s f u n d .
T h r e e h u n d r e d p o u n d s of the
total w e n t to C a n a d a as r a n s o m
money.
W h e t h e r or not these I n d i a n s f o u n d
trade i n N e w
creasing
Englanders
number
of
such
profitable,
this
an in-
depredations
oc-
c u r r e d d u r i n g the n e x t eighty years w i t h N e w
H a m p s h i r e l o s i n g its share of m e n ,
INDIAN WAMPUM B E L T .
FROM
T H E NEW
HAMPSHIRE HISTORCAL
SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
women
INDIAN C H I L E .
FROM A PAINTING
FORMERLY OWNED BY SAMUEL G .
D R A K E , HISTORIAN. N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL
SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
they w e r e u s e f u l for prisoner e x c h a n g e s
for r a n s o m m o n e y .
be e m p l o y e d
sparsely
to bolster the labor
populated
and
F u t h e r m o r e they m i g h t
New
France.
supply
of
To
the
c l e r i c a l interests it w a s c e r t a i n l y w o r t h w h i l e
to convert
these
heretics
to
what
they
be-
l i e v e d to be the t r u e f a i t h , a n d this w a s done
w h e n e v e r possible.
thorough-going
Francis
T h e r e f o r e , they set u p a
bounty system.
P a r k m a n , w r i t i n g of
King
Wil-
l i a m ' s W a r , points out that
" T w e n t y crowns iiad been offered for each
male w h i t e , ten crowns for each female, a n d
ten crowns for each scalp, whether I n d i a n or
E n g l i s h . T h e bounty o n prisoners produced
an excellent result, since instead of k i l l i n g
them the I n d i a n allies learned to b r i n g them to
Quebec. I f c h i l d r e n , they were placed i n the
convents; and if adults, they were distributed
to labor among the settlers. T h u s though
the royal letters show that the measure w a s
one of policy, it acted i n the interest of
humanity."
SECTION o r MURAL IN T H E MASCOMA
S . w i N G S BANK, LEBANON, BY BERNARD
F . CHAPMAN. FROM "FIFTY'-THREE YEARS
OF PROGRESS" IN T H E N E W FIAMPS H i R E HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S LIBRARY.
�28
HISTORICAL
JOHN
WHEELWRIGHT,
the
founder of Exeter, came from
Lincolnshire, England,
where he was a vicar
in
a country
cliurch.
Sailing
for
America
in about i6^^ he
purchased
land at Exeter from the Indians
who
are said to have given
him a
deed.
The matter was widely publicized
but
the deed
was never authenticated
as
genuine.
Mr. Wheelwright
was pastor of the Exeter Church,
later
moving
to
Maine.
N E W HAMPSHIRE
and
children,
"captivated"
T h e settlement
next
by
u p captives
the r a i d here
brutally
Indians.
to C a n a d a .
in which Major
W a l d r o n , I n d i a n trader a n d
of the l e a d i n g
the
at C o c h e c o ( D o v e r ) w a s the
to d e l i v e r
was
HISTORICAL
figures
It
Richard
fighter,
a n d one
i n the colony, w a s so
murdered.
T h e H a n n a h D u s t a n episode is a m o n g the
first
records to appear i n p r i n t e d f o r m .
and
Mary
Neff
Haverhill,
set
were
taken
Massachusetts,
off i n the d i r e c t i o n
She
prisoners
DEERFIELD
teas protected
by a
Palisade
with
twenty
soldiers,
who
however,
were not alert, and
considerably hampered
by a deep snow.
Miss
Baker, in her book says "The
Indians
came in at niglit like a flood
upon
them, and tlie morning
dawned
on a
scene of horror."
Emma Lewis
Coleman gives a total of one hundred
and
twenty
captives
taken to Canada
in
noi
from Deerfield
alone.
N A R R A T I V E
o r, T H B
C
captors
Merrimack
River,
of C a n a d a .
They
a n d there
most
Mrs.
is celebrated
the t w o places.
Mas.
V
I
T
Y
J O H N S O N .
An A C C O U N T i f IJCI r\.y:
i;P.IN'.N
during Four 'r'ears » I'l 1".- I . '
were
and F R E N c H .
a n d t a k e n to C a n a d a , the latter re-
t u r n i n g to become the m o t h e r
dren.
at
of H a v e r -
h i l l , a n d H a n n a h E a s t m a n of C o n c o r d
captured
I
while
by m o n u m e n t s
H a n n a h Bradley
T
Dustan
of the p a r t y
they slept, r e t u r n i n g by canoe to H a v e r h i l l .
H e r memory
P
o ?
stopped for the n i g h t near P e n a c o o k o n the
k i l l e d a n d scalped
A
at
a n d their
29
N E W HAMPSHIRE
Samuel
Gill
of n i n e
of S a l i s b u r y ,
chil-
Massachu-
setts, w a s t a k e n i n 1697 at the age of n i n e ,
growing
up i n Canada
English girl.
ferred to r e m a i n a m o n g
students
and marrying
at D a r t m o u t h
I n the Histoire
the I n d i a n s .
were
des Abena\is,
Indian
of
Samuel
Abbe
Gill
of
d a u g h t e r of the R e v e r e n d J o h n
seven
Quebec.
at
Wells,
Purchased
Maine
from
J i . , :
.
.KTSlURf.,
C A R L 1 S L E, jun.
and
grand-
Wheelwright,
and
AT
D A V I D
fifty-two
white
blood.
f o u n d e r of E x e t e r , w a s c a p t u r e d
P R I N T E D
By
Maurauk
I n 1703 E s t h e r W h e e l w r i g h t , great
of
Three
his grandsons.
records a total of n i n e h u n d r e d a n d
descendants
an
H e never r e t u r n e d , h a v i n g pre-
at the age
taken
to
the A b e n a k i I n -
T i i T . E PACE OE T i i t JOHNSON- N A R RATIVE. I N T H E NE-W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL
SOCIETY'S
LIBRARY.
d i a n s by a F r e n c h priest, she b e c a m e a governess i n the f a m i l y of the F r e n c h g o v e r n o r ,
V a u d r e u i l a n d later entered a n U r s u l i n e
C o n v e n t , e v e n t u a l l y to become M o t h e r S u perior of the U r s u l i n e s at M o n t r e a l , d y i n g
i n 1780 at the age of eighty-four.
She was
the o n l y E n g l i s h w o m a n ever to be so elected.
A n o t h e r instance of the u n u s u a l o u t c o m e
of I n d i a n c a p t i v i t y is that of E u n i c e W i l l i a m s d a u g h t e r of P a r s o n J o h n W i l l i a m s of
D e e r f i e l d w h o w a s c a p t u r e d i n 1704 f o l l o w i n g the I n d i a n a t t a c k there a n d t a k e n to
Canada.
R e f u s i n g a l l entreaties o n the part
of h e r parents t o be r a n s o m e d a n d r e t u r n e d ,
she b e c a m e the w i f e of a n I n d i a n w h o h a d
been b a p t i z e d by the n a m e A m b r o s e .
HKAD o i - HANNAH Du.srAN'.s TO.MAHAWK.
FROM A P R I N T I N T H E N E W H A M P SHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
T h e r e w a s also the case of the R o l l i n s
f a m i l y of E x e t e r , w h e r e a m o t h e r a n d h e r
t w o d a u g h t e r s w e r e c a p t u r e d , a n d the m o t h e r
r e d e e m e d , w h i l e the d a u g h t e r s r e m a i n e d to
marry into F r e n c h families.
�HISTORICAL
N E W
HISTORICAL
HAMPSHIRE
In
1725
the
Hanson
household
was
a t t a c k e d by eleven I n d i a n s .
T h e husband
a n d a d a u g h t e r escaped, but M r s . H a n s o n ,
her m a i d a n d several of her c h i l d r e n w e r e
c a r r i e d off. M r s . H a n s o n , the m a i d a n d three
of her c h i l d r e n w e r e e v e n t u a l l y r a n s o m e d ,
the youngest c h i l d h a v i n g r e m a i n e d as the
w i f e of a F r e n c h n a t i v e . T w o other c h i l d r e n
d i e d at the h a n d s of the I n d i a n s at the t i m e
of the c a p t u r e .
I n 1754, j u s t at the b e g i n n i n g of the S e v e n
Y e a r ' s W a r , the I n d i a n s r a i d e d the c o u n t r y Hamp-
s h i r e , t h e n a n e w l y settled f a r m area k n o w n
as S t e v e n s t o w n .
Scribner,
H e r e they c a p t u r e d S a m u e l
Robert
Barber,
Enos
Bishop
and
N a t h a n i e l M e l o o n w i t h his w i f e a n d several
children.
J E I I R Y , LORD AMHERST.
FROM
A P R I N T IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
T h e M e l o o n s w e r e t a k e n to C a n a d a , a l o n g
w i t h the others, a n d sold to a F r e n c h priest
aboard
Intercepted
BEADED B E L T
MADE BY
RACHEL
MELOON
WHILE
S H E W A S AN INDIAN C A P TIVE IN CANADA, AND S E N T
lo P E T E R K I M B A L L AT BOS-
CAWEN.
ORIGINAL IN T H E
N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
by
a vessel b o u n d
an
for
Arriving
of the d a u g h t e r s ,
reluctantly
returning
where
married
New
she
Hampshire
remained in
to
Salisbury
" a d o p t e d . " M r s . Johnson's h u s b a n d w a s t a k e n
Reuben
to M o n t r e a l w i t h t w o others of the
Canada,
in
Greeley.
H i s t o r i c a l Society
purchased
The
a
for
seven
hundred
of her d a u g h t e r s j o i n e d the f a m i l y of the L i e u t e n a n t G o v e r n o r .
for
mistreated.
whose
Peter
Kimball
of
d i a r y is also i n the L i b r a r y , w r i t t e n
w h i l e he s e r v e d i n the w a r .
S a l i s b u r y captives w e r e
Of
New
Boscawen,
a l l the accounts
A l l the
other
of I n d i a n captives i n
H a m p s h i r e t a k e n to C a n a d a , the story
of the " J o h n s o n C a p t i v i t y " is perhaps
among
the best k n o w n .
A r a r e copy of the " N a r r a -
tive"
Walpole, N e w
by
printed i n
David
Narrative
oj the
containing
ing
is
four
in
Carlisle,
Jr.,
Captivity
an account
years
The
with
New
1796
Hampshire
and
oj Mrs.
of her
the Indians
Hampshire
sufferings
and
called
Johnson:
durFrench,
H i s t o r i c a l So-
ciety's L i b r a r y .
A c c o r d i n g to this record C a p t a i n J a m e s
J o h n s o n became a resident of
"Number
F o u r , " n o w C h a r l e s t o w n , i n 1750,
having
, ,
the
T h e y w e r e not
, .
C a p t a i n J o h n s o n w a s released on parole to enable h i m to secure a r a n s o m
of one h u n d r e d a n d fifty p o u n d s , w h i c h he obtained f r o m the N e w
government.
redeemed.
l i v r e s by
F r e n c h g o v e r n m e n t a n d placed i n the f a m i l y of G o v e r n o r D u q u w n e w h i l e one
b e a d - w o r k belt m a d e by her w h e n a c a p t i v e ,
Captain
group.
L a t e r , she says, she w a s also t a k e n there a n d
1763
has
learned
into w h i c h appropriate ceremonies they w e r e
were
r e t u r n e d to N e w H a m p s h i r e . R a c h e l M e l o o n ,
one
at St. F r a n c i s the party
that the I n d i a n s w e r e of the S t . F r a n c i s tribe
France.
E n g l i s h ship, they
31
W h e t h e r their m o t i v e w a s to get these
articles a w a y f r o m J o h n s o n or not is u n c e r t a i n f r o m the account, but M r . J o h n s o n a n d
a l m o s t his entire household w e r e c a p t u r e d
on the n i g h t of his r e t u r n by a b a n d of seventeen I n d i a n s w h o took t h e m to C a n a d a w i t h
s u c h of t h e i r belongings as they c o u l d seize.
T h e a c c o u n t of the j o u r n e y c o n t a i n s a n u m ber of i n t e r e s t i n g i n c i d e n t s , a m o n g t h e m the
fact that the I n d i a n s d i d not t o r t u r e or m o lest t h e m a n d that one of the c h i l d r e n w a s
placed for the n i g h t b e t w e e n t w o I n d i a n s
a n d covered by a rope h e l d d o w n at each e n d
by a n I n d i a n w h o l a y on i t , so t h a t i f she
attempted to escape they w o u l d be a w a k e n e d .
D u r i n g the j o u r n e y a d a u g h t e r w a s b o r n to
M r s . J o h n s o n , w h o m she n a m e d " C a p t i v e "
Johnson.
w h o later placed M r s . M e l o o n a n d t w o of the
children
HAMPSHIRE
come u p the C o n n e c t i c u t R i v e r f r o m L u n e n burg
Massachusetts.
His
business
was
largely t r a d i n g w i t h the I n d i a n s , a n occupat i o n he seems to have enjoyed a n d profited
by. I n 1754 he left home to tour the c o u n t r y side i n .search of t r a d i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s .
He
appears a l w a y s to h a v e been o n f r i e n d l y
t e r m s w i t h the I n d i a n s a n d r e t u r n e d w i t h a
good stock of n e w articles he h a d p u r c h a s e d .
T h e H a n s o n c a p t i v i t y has been w i d e l y p u b l i c i z e d by a n a u t o b i o g r a p h y by M r s . E l i z a b e t h
H a n s o n of D o v e r w h i c h appeared i n several
e d i t i o n s , a n u m b e r of rare copies b e i n g i n
The New
H a m p s h i r e H i s t o r i c a l Society's
L i b r a r y . M r s . H a n s o n w a s the w i f e of J o h n
Hanson, a Quaker.
side i n the v i c i n i t y of S a l i s b u r y , N e w
N E W
A f t e r a year a n d a h a l f i n C a n a d a M r s
t v i t h her sisters a n d t w o d a u g h t e r s r e t u r n e d to the C o l o n i e s .
released after three years of c a p i v i t y .
a n u n in M o n t r e a l .
Ticonderoea.
Hampshire
J o h n s o n w a s released, a n d
M r . Johnson
was
O n e of the d a u g h t e r s r e n a m e d a n d became
C a p t a i n Johnson
later enlisted a n d w a s k i l l e d
M r s . J o h n s o n d i e d i n 1810.
j t-
m
,
1758
,
W i t h ^ t h e l ^ g i n n i n g of open w a r f a r e b e t w e e n F r a n c e a n d E n g a n d ,
^
at
,,
finally
r e s u l t i n g in the t a k i n g by the E n g l i s h of M o n t r e a l a n d Q u e b e c , the I n d i a n raids
on N e w
H a m p s h i r e cam'e to a n e n d , a l t h o u g h there w e r e
b e t w e e n the N e w
requent
encounters
E n g l a n d e r s a n d the I n d i a n s i n the v i c i n i t y ot the C a n a d i a n
border u n t i l after the close of the R e v o l u t i o n .
�HISTORICAL
32
New
N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL
Hampshire Indians H a v e Gone but
N
EW
HAMPSHIRE,
as
well
as
all A m e r i c a ,
may
it
might
have
gone
far
f o u g h t i n the R e v o l u t i o n .
PASSACONAWAY
was the
most
famous of the Penaeoot^ Indians
whose
lands bordered on the Merrimack
river
north of Concord, and their chief.
He
is said to have lived to be a
hundred
and tiventy years old. His dying
words
are recorded to have been; "Take
heed
how you quarrel with the English
for
though
you may do them much
mischief, you will be destroyed and rooted
of} the earth if you do."
Passaconaway's daughter is said to have
married
Winnepurkit
or Winnepocket
also of
the Penacook
tribe.
diflerendy
with
well
pay
tribute
to
the
H a d it not been for t h e m
soldiers
who
I t w a s i n the I n d i a n w a r s they l e a r n e d to
New
England
fight.
F o r m o r e t h a n t w o decades p r i o r to 1775,
m e n w e r e t r a i n e d here, t h a n k s to the I n d i a n s , to protect t h e i r h o m e s a n d g u a r d t h e i r
liberty.
O n e has but to r e a d the r e c o r d of
G e n e r a l John S t a r k a n d his fellow-patriots,
to sense the i m p o r t a n c e of the events that
preceded the w a r for the i n d e p e n d e n c e of
this c o u n t r y .
T h e early settlers h a d as m u c h difficulty i n
p r o n o u n c i n g the I n d i a n n a m e s as the I n d i a n s
d i d i n a t t e m p t i n g to m a k e t h e i r s p r o n o u n c able.
T h e y d i d , h o w e v e r , g i v e us
Coos
w h i c h they p r o n o u n c e d C o w a s h or C o w a s s ,
a n d w h i c h became the n a m e of a N e w
H a m p s h i r e c o u n t y . C o c h e c o w a s as near as
the colonists got to w h a t w a s
afterward
named Dover.
S u n a p e e the I n d i a n s apparently p r o n o u n c e d Soo-ni-pee, a s p e l l i n g s t i l l
occasionally to be seen o n old signs.
Occum
is the n a m e of a f a m o u s D a r t m o u t h I n d i a n
graduate.
.
WONOLANCET
was tlie son of
. Passaconaway.
Although
the
settlers
are said to have burned
one of his
•fenacook
villages in 167;, during
King
Philip's
War, the Penacooks
did
not
retaliate,
fohn Eliot,
writing
to his
friend
Sir Robert
Boyle, in
England,
calls
Wonolancet
"a sachem
of
tiie
greatest blood of the
country."
CHOCORUA. FROM A P R I N T I N
THE
N E W HAMPSHIRE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
CHOCORUA
is thought
to
have
been a member
of the Pequawket
or
Ossipee tribe,
but whatever
tribe Ite
was, he has always been New
Hampshire's favorie Indian.
In the earliest
records,
the Mountain
named for him
was
called
feckoyva
and
Chocorua
himself
is thought
to have spent a
good part of his life in the
vicinity
of Tamworth
and "died on the mountain, presumably
as a residt of a fall
from a
cliff."
Mr. Lawrence
Mayo, a life
member
of The New Hampshire
Historical
Society,
who
did considerable
research
on the "Legend
of Chocorua."
fhe
name of his monograph,
says,
"There
is a tradition
that Chocorua was killed
by white men and that his dying
curse
was responsible for a mysterious
bovine
malady in that region of New
Hampshire."
PASSACONAWAY. FROM A P R I N T IN T H E N E W
HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
33
L i k e w i s e w h i l e the n a m e s of our places
are l a r g e l y of E n g l i s h o r i g i n . N e w H a m p shire got m a n y of t h e m f r o m the I n d i a n s .
The
n a m e s of P e n a c o o k , Ossipee a n d P e q u a w k e t ( P i g w a c k e t ) are d e r i v e d
directly
f r o m the I n d i a n tribes.
O t h e r tribes w e r e
the N a s h u a s , the S o u h e g a n s , the N a t i c o o k s ,
the M o h a w k s , the N a m o s k e a g s ( A m o s k e a g ) ,
the N a r r a g a n s e t t s , the S u n c o o k s , the W i n n i pesaukees, a n d the P i s c a t a q u a s .
F r o m the
N e w H a m p s h i r e I n d i a n C h i e f s come our
n a m e s of P a s s a c o n a w a y , W o n o l a n c e t , C h o corua, Kancamagus, Waternome and Paugus.
T h e i r Names at Least R e m a i n
m e m o r y of the I n d i a n s for at least one t h i n g .
N E W HAMPSHIRE
SAMSON
OCCOM
(or Cecum)
was
an early Indian convert to the
Christian
faith, coming from the Mohegan
tribe
in Southern
Connecticut
of which,
in
1742, at the age of nineteen,
he had
become one of the
leaders.
Selected
by the Reverend
Eleazer
Wheelock
to attend his "college"
for
Indians
at Lebanon,
Connecticut,
then
called
Moor's
Indian
Charity
School,
and afterward
Dartmouth
College,
he
first became a school-teacher
and later
an ordained
minister
oj the
Gospel.
In 1764,
following
the close of tlie
French
and English
War, he was sent
by Wheelock to accompany
the
Evangelist,
George
Whitefield,
to
preach
and solicit contributions
to the
school
in England
and Scotland.
He is said
to have been instrumental
in
raising
a large endowment
fund, estimated at
twelve thousand pounds.
In his admirable book, "Samson
Occom,"
Harold
Blodgett
says that "without
Occom,
Dartmouth
wotdd
never
have
been
foimded."
C e r t a i n e n d i n g s o n our I n d i a n n a m e s fall
i n t o r e c o g n i z a b l e classes, s u c h as A n n a h o o k set ( H o o k s e t t ) , P e m i g e w a s s e t a n d N i t t i s s i t ,
a k i n to other n a m e s e n d i n g i n sit or set.
T h e e n d i n g coo\r 0 0 ^ ) finding itself i n
a g r o u p i n g of P e n a c o o k , P o n t o o c o o k , S u n cook,
Ahquedaukee,
Cowissawashook
( K e a r s a r g e ) , Aroostook, A m m o n u s u c , C o n toocook, M o o s i l a u k e , M o n o m o n o c , B a b o o s u c ,
U n c a n o o n u c , A s h u e l o c k ( A s h u e l o t ) , Massabesic, W a l o o m s u c , N e w i c h w a n n o c k , M e r r i m a c ( o n c e called M o n i a c k , M o n o m a c
or
M o n o m o c ) , has caused m u c h
speculation
a m o n g p h i l o l o g i s t s , some of w h o m consider
the e n d i n g oo\o m e a n m e r e l y at.
S i n c e there w e r e as m a n y different
ages or dialects a m o n g
the N e w
I n d i a n s as there are a m o n g
tions
the v a r i o u s
attached
there m i g h t
that w i t h
have
been
w o r d s to w h i c h the syllable at w a s
meaning
The
sec-
of the U n i t e d States, it is difficult
go f u r t h e r t h a n to conjecture
ooh
langu-
Hampshire
at
the
philologists
at g o i n g
mountain
seem
or
to h a v e
at
to
the
many
attached,
the
been
river
balked
further.
A n o t h e r g r o u p of N e w H a m p s h i r e I n d i a n
n a m e s a l l c o n t a i n the syllable squatrt.
Asquam
�34
HISTORICAL
HISTORICAL
N E W HAMPSHIRE
N E W HAMPSHIRE
35
ljut w e r e at least i n use by the settlers w h i l e the I n d i a n s w e r e here.
THE HUTCHINSONS,
Indson,
John,
Asa and Abhy, of the "Tribe
of fesse"
were famous
in tlie annals of
New
Hampshire
history as America's
foremost family of singers.
They were a
choir
of thirteen
at the
beginning,
growing
up in Milford,
New
Hampshire.
Later as a quartet, they
toured
America from the 1840's to the
iSyo's.
shire n a t i v e s , but g i v e n i n h o n o r of great A m e r i c a n
T h e f o r e g o i n g l i s t of N e w H a m p s h i r e I n d i a n n a m e s is by no m e a n s c o m p l e t e ,
they w e r e
M a n y other tributes h a v e been p a i d to the N e w
England Indians.
Our evening
dance is seen no more.
Its sound has ceased to flow.
And each one sings a mournful
dirge
In accents sad and
slow.
The whites have swept our
friends
away,
Beneath the turf our fathers
lay,
We soon must join them in
death's
sleep
And leave our homes to mourn
and
weep.
Shall I the bravest of the
chiefs.
On this isle make my bed?
0 no! the whites' polluted
feet
Shall ne'er tread o'er my
head.
I've buried my hatchet 'neath the turf,
But I will rest beneath the
surf;
The foaming billows shall be my
grave,
For I'll not die a white man's
slave.
T h e col-
lege s o n g of A m h e r s t a n d m a n y a n o t h e r b a l l a d a n d story, a l l tell of the part they
p l a y e d i n our early h i s t o r y , of w h i c h the verses of L o n g f e l l o w
James F e n i m o r e
C o o p e r are e x a m p l e s .
a n d the books of
M o s t p o p u l a r a m o n g the
compositions
of a decade or t w o ago w a s a s o n g c o m p o s e d a n d s u n g by the H u t c h i n s o n s
"Glide O n , My Light Canoe," a
fitting
H i s t o r i c a l Society's L i b r a r y .
13
SAMSON- OCCUM. FROM A P R I N T IN T H E NE-W
HAMPSHIRE HISI-ORICAL SOCII:TY'S COLLECTION.
(Squam
Lake, mountain and river), W i n n i -
squam,
Asquam-Schumake
JVIonascon
or
Mascoma,
necticut)
Quampeagin,
(Baker
one they m i g h t
These names
do
the same tribe, so t h a t to
have meant something
different
f r o m another.
meaning
of squam
the n a m e S q u a m
(Con-
Squamannagonic,
(CJonic), and Squamscott.
not a l l c o m e f r o m
River),
Quonekticut
Several
quite
indicate
the
to be l a k e , i n w h i c h case
L a k e might, in
become L a k e L a k e !
translation
O t h e r squams
are
said
to be r i v e r s .
T h e n a m e s e n d i n g i n qua,
Piscataqua,
Pequawket,
a n d ]{et s u c h as
Wataqua,
Winni-
p a u k e t t , seem to i n d i c a t e w a t e r or r i v e r s also,
while
the
influence
of
the
French
may
be
t r a c e d , p e r h a p s , to the t r a n s l a t i o n of C h e b u c t o
to C h e b e a q u e , the n a m e F r a n c o i s
wa
(Plausua
Mountain),
p r o n o u n c e d t h e i r jr
Winnicoultt.
as pi,
since
and
to P l a u s a -
the
Indians
Winnicot
to
St. John Baptist was Sabbatis.
O d d n a m e s , s u c h as P a r m a c h e n e , A t t i l h a ,
Catamount, Mahomet, Monadnock, and Opechee are difficult to trace to I n d i a n o r i g i n .
called
t r i b u t e to this v a n i s h e d , b u t never-to-be-
forgotten race, a copy of w h i c h is one of the treasures i n T h e N e w
Glide on my light canoe, glide
on,
The morning
breeze is free,
I'll guide thee far, far out upon
The wild and troubled
sea.
Howl on ye blasts with all your
might.
Hide, hide thyself thou orb of light,
y.Roll on ye mountain
billows
roll.
The wonders of the deep
unfold.
And on the waves we're forced
to
roam;
There's
none to pity, none to save
The red man jrom the ocean
grave.
that
"here."
One of the most popular songs was
called "Glide
On, My Light
Canoe"
by J. W. Hutchinson
with these
words:
Glide on and bear me from the sight
Of yonder
shady
vale;
For oh! there is a with'ring
blight
Spread o'er my native
Isle;
The whites have driven
us from
our
home.
Hamp-
Indians.
but indicates some of the p e r m a n e n t records they h a v e left b e h i n d , s h o w i n g
They sang many popular songs and
popularized
others,
usually
on
such
subjects
as temperance
and
freedom,
calling
themselves
the Aeolian
Vocalists and singing
such ballads as
"The
Old Granite
State,"
"Let
My
People
Go,"
"What
Are
the
Wild
Waves
Saying,"
"The
Good Time
Coming,"
"The
Spider
and
the Fly,"
"Kind
Words Can Never Die" and many of
their own
compositions.
'l
~
, t
•
T h e names
T e c u m s e h a n d Osceola are late c o m e r s , not, of c o u r s e , related to the N e w
COVER OF INDIAN SONG, SUNG IJY T H E HUTCHINSON F A M I L Y .
FROM T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION.
Hampshire
�36
HISTORICAL
N E W HAMPSHIRE
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Atkinson, Theodore.
A c c o u n t ot* m y j o u r n e y as a C o m m i s s i o n e r f r o m the G o v e r n o r of N e w
H a m p s h i r e to C a n a d a , begun J a n u a r y the 15th. 1724-25.
P u b h s h e d by the Society of
C o l o n i a l W a r s , n o date.
f k l k n a p . R e v . Jeremy.
H i s t o r ) ' of N e w H a m p s h i r e ; 3 v o l u m e s .
I-'hiladelphia a n d B o s t o n ,
P r i n t e d for the A u t h o r , 1 7 8 4 - 9 2 .
Blodgett, H a r o l d . S a m s o n O c c o m . H a n o v e r , D a r t m o u t h C o l l e g e , 1935.
B o d g e , G e o r g e M . Soldiers i n K i n g P h i l i p ' s W a r . L e o m i n s t e r , P r i n t e d for the A u t h o r , 1896.
C a s w e l l , F r e d M . J o h n S t a r k , originator of N e w H a m p s h i r e ' s state motto.
Historical N e w
H a m p s h i r e , J u n e 1945.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Indigenous Culture, Native Works, Objects, & Decoration
Object
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Historical NH - October 1952 Issue - NH Remembers The Indians
Description
An account of the resource
A thirty-six page booklet created by the New Hampshire Historical Society. The Historical New Hampshire, Volume 8 Number 2, October 1952 Issue covers remembrances of indigenous populations, as researched and complied by by Robinson V. Smith. It is subtitled "NH Remembers the Indians." The accounts are exclusively told from European settler perspectives. The booklet contains as many European colonist representations as it does representations of indigenous populations.
This item contains biases and misinformation from early periods.
FHS-Kyle Leach
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
New Hampshire Historical Society
Robinson V. Smith
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
New Hampshire Historical Society
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
New Hampshire Historical Society
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Late 1600's-mid 1700's
Sources used for publications range from 1700's to early 20th Century
October 1952
Date Created
Date of creation of the resource.
October 1952
booklet
clothing
culture
history
Indian
Indigenous
information
language
narrative
New Hampshire
New Hampshire Historical Society
pdf
people
settlers