1 10 1 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/12165/archive/files/abe106dfd50f4181e62cbc358ce5eb53.pdf?Expires=1779926400&Signature=ovcOsJE7IpJl6KkOC7Rabx1OhkYh4tT1g31BGKYXKwPjebvoWiab5n2gb3Usbd9IBclxJg79rfkuTmczWrc4DIOYE4QcUWzSS92aEaNURmMUmgfyWjJvs1bIf-b%7EHIDeWDtiWF50k1yE9s2KxCJzG5H5YJsJK5PxvMD8eRvlMpsyx4ldjrL%7E63Q2M7tqIBiNgOe9AUSHydN9QBJ5iWPGc2YtqFhwB18PFqXzq3nK512hGPj59NbZfmRA9yV94oAwWf4SYewkMS%7EsTzPD3C%7ENkaIKZ8tCNgEd0lhWVde03z4vVg0Y1dIAeT7gguiTIPCY3s3mCtww%7Ez5DkRAN6is4IQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5811bcc6dae81c8d27b1e90e0a0ef3f2 PDF Text Text HISTORICAL NEW H A M P S H I R E A Issued occasionally by P U B L I C A T I O N the N E W HAMPSHIRE H I S T O R I C A L SOCIETY in the interest o f service to people w h o would broaden their knowledge of N e w H a m p s h i r e ' s long and enduring history through an evergrowing understanding o f its collected books and papers and its objects o f art and craftsmanship w h i c h are here preserved for safe-keeping, reference and inspiration. October 1952 I N T H I S NUMBER: " N e w Hampshire Indians," by Robinson V . Smith. Vol.. VIII Remembers T h e No. 2 �]VEW H A M P S H I R E H I S T O R I C A L C O I V C O R D , BMEW S O C I E T Y H A M P S H I R E President Huntley N. Spaulding. Vice Presidents Louis S. Cox, E l w i n L . Page. Secretary Elmer M. Hunt. Treasurer Dudley W . Orr. Trustees Huntley N. Spaulding, Louis S. Cox, E l w i n L. Page, Dudley W . O r r , Foster Stearns, James W . Jameson, Herbert W . H i l l , Richard W . Sulloway, Archibald M. Peisch, Harry Merrill, Robert W . U p t o n , L a u r e n c e F . W h i t temore, P h i l i p M . M a r s t o n , S h e r m a n Adams, William G. Saltonstall. E L M E R MUNSON H U N T , Director New Hampshire Remembers the Indians BY Member Loo\ed shire at historically have ever to see events land quite religion should parts of New from the Indians, done with In compiling by were i6oo's that the these ijoo's. woods, fields, It has been Englanders, as out or ma\e in some New Ossipees the and permanent of the fishing, you wish fish on these and It all. right some Indians and shores no other's. There guns more laid But fur are and many probably and here cannot more we at least deadly way wanted The in mapped of these squares for than to stop to roam the settlers Indian that the New had to drive Hamp- time and they that receded the from. Penacooks, be considered have of as\ed 'aggression? use for both our out" came hunting of us but arrows, so we you." the countryside Englishman squares have on roamed might an act land the not "driven tribes is enough in from ivho originally they he places of the advanced, committing deer-meat. out his land New is true in New of them which and Penn's however, ingenious in a section record latter Indians return, to this land, have. being First and students colonization not ta\en is Hampshire here were coastwise you undoubtedly game, they the many history of the tribes William the In Your The in many of "Are as you a general a good Pequaw\ets, settlers, contrive The of the as much and must exception in and. Indians Indians them. English where land-owners. new We have As and west the over been more of times by some the But since to research. of New memory as occurred Yorl{. Hampshire. With with just in New to the north given assumption treaties prevails he has added mountains. cases, of the Dutch this captures found over churches of Indian weel^s colonists rivers elsewhere, shire To and still account the casual induced the Indians French has long account the has then Hamp- been did. to perpetuate the them of he in Neu/ that not much many between numerous and at times a chronological in that remain jaith concise to the late Indians, names French has devoted resulted and the land the Indians contests affairs and The Society has usually England while and Smith to give there events a new Mr. reader the settlers be said of it than has endeavored early prevail. and of Indian The the New it might some records sense. between Hampshire Hampshire, which jetv between SMITH Hampshire Historical made as a quarrel or a quarrel which ROBINSON V . New which never in who would been built search arrived be on his to �HISTORICAL 2 N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE .3 this day. Was there room enough for both the white man and the Indian? This is one of the questions raised by this article. Another is the question of colonization. The Indians were free from the domination of a European civilization they had never known. The white man was not free from it and has never quite been to this day. He was a colonizer, forced to pay tribute ta his native land. His traditions were brought from another continent. The Indian knowing no other native land than this one paid no such tribute either in money or sentiment. The white man in 7776 broke off his relations with Europe, apparently forever, only to become forced to return to them as now. This provocative account of the New Hampshire Indians raises the question as to whether the natives were not, in fact, nearer to what we call "freedom" than the colonists then were, and have since become. The New Hampshire Historical Society Library is rich in Indian lore which has been drawn upon extensively by the writer of this article. No less than three hundred and twenty books on the American Indian are available for research, devoted to such topics as Indian treaties, captivities, wars and other general headings. The entire subject has long since needed to be explored, explained and organized as Mr. Smith has now attempted to do. That the predominant "captive" element found here is unique in American histcrry is evident. In no other state in the union has such a motive on the part of the Indian appeared to such an extent. The native Indian does not appear to have sought primarily to annihilate the aggressor or scalp him. He desired to capture and sell him just as he did a deer or beaver skin. His customers, the French, wished to buy the English colonists in order to absorb them into their own settlement project and to convert them to their religion. It was not necessary for the French to tell the Indians this. There was a vastly larger market for captives than for scalps and they k^ew it. Only with the which might better these raids to obtain of New Hampshire's and slaughter, but captives, who were ending of the so-called French and Indian War, have been called the French and English war, did captives subside. With rare exception the history first two hundred years is not one of "massacre" one of Indian treaties, trading and the taking of ultimately ransomed. In their desire to capture the settlers alive and then sell them, the Indians, however, defeated their own purpose. For the white man survived and brought a civilization in which the Indian way of life could not survive. The Indian names of rivers, trails, mountains, lakes, and towns remain, with here and there an exhibit or tivo preserving the noiu almost forgotten Indian relics in our museums. EDITOR. f I ^ H i s year ( 1 9 5 2 ) m a r k s the a n n i v e r s a r y of G e n e r a l J o h n S t a r k ' s e x p l o r a I tory visit to R u m n e y , N e w H a m p s h i r e , the point on the B a k e r R i v e r \r w h e r e he w a s c a p t u r e d by the I n d i a n s a n d t a k e n to C a n a d a . I t is a n u n u s u a l c o i n c i d e n c e , s e l d o m r e c o g n i z e d by h i s t o r i a n s , that the B a k e r R i v e r is n a m e d for T h o m a s B a k e r , w h o w a s also c a p t u r e d forty years e a r l i e r a n d l i k e w i s e t a k e n to C a n a d a . J o h n S t a r k w a s r a n s o m e d soon after his c ap t u re , t h r o u g h the efforts of C a p t a i n P h i n e h a s Stevens a n d M a j o r N a t h a n i e l W h e e l w r i g h t , g r a n d s o n of the f o u n d e r of the t o w n of E x e t e r , both ambassadors to the F r e n c h g o v e r n m e n t of C a n a d a sent to negotiate the e x c h a n g e of p r i s o n e r s . T h u s is i n v o l v e d a series of i n t e r e s t i n g h i s t o r i c a l c oi n c i de n c e s, a l l r e l a t i n g to the N e w H a m p s h i r e I n d i a n tribes a n d t h e i r n e i g h b o r s , to the efforts o n the part of the colonies to become safe f r o m a t t a c k s , a n d to the w h o l e c o l o n i z a t i o n efiFort of p r e - R e v o l u t i o n a r y days. T h e first of these coincidences is as before stated, that T h o m a s B a k e r , J o h n S t a r k a n d C a p t a i n Stevens h a d a l l been prisoners of the I n d i a n s . B a k e r not only has a N e w H a m p s h i r e r i v e r b e a r i n g his n a m e , but received a g r a n t of l a n d , a p a r t of w h i c h is n o w S a l i s b u r y , n a m e d B a k e r s t o w n i n his h o n o r . O r i g i n a l l y a n a t i v e of N o r t h a m p t o n , Massachusetts, b o r n i n 1682, T h o m a s B a k e r w a s t h i r t y years o l d w h e n he became a n " I n d i a n s c o u t " i n c o m m a n d of a c o m p a n y of t h i r t y m e n o n a n e x p e d i t i o n agai n st the I n d i a n s i n the " N o r t h C o u n t r y " u n d e r orders f r o m G o v e r n o r D u d l e y of Massachusetts. H e undoubtedly received this a p p o i n t m e n t t h r o u g h h a v i n g been c a p t u r e d some ten years e a r l i e r , a n experience w h i c h t a u g h t h i m I n d i a n modes a n d m e t h o d s . H i s other i m p o r t a n t experience w a s his m e e t i n g i n C a n a d a , w h i l e a c a p t i v e , w i t h M a d a m e C h r i s t i n e L e B e a u w h o , vi'hen three m o n t h s o l d , h a d been c a r r i e d there as C h r i s tine O t i s by the I n d i a n s . �HISTORICAL GENERAL JOHN STARK was born in Londonderry 1728. When he made his famous hunting trip and when captured in 1752, he was ttnenty-fotir. He served with Rogers's Rangers and under General Amherst at Ticonderoga and Crown Point. John Stark's greatest fame was achieved at the Battle of Bennington, fought largely on New Yor/i soil at Waloomstic. There he and his New Hampshire soldiers intercepted the southern march of Burgoyne's army and defeated it. The occasion was said to be a turning point in the American War of Independence. Starli was made a Brigadier General. He was the author of New Hampshire's State Motto, "Live Free or Die." N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE 5 shire H i s t o r i c a l Society's Collections, T h u s C a p t a i n B a k e r became i n v o l v e d i n one of the f e w r o m a n c e s g r o w i n g out of the French and Indian W a r s . Christine L e B e a u w a s the d a u g h t e r of R i c h a r d O t i s of D o v e r , and his w i f e M a r g a r e t W a r r e n . H e r father had been k i l l e d a n d h i s house b u r n e d i n the I n d i a n r a i d on D o v e r i n 1689, the r a i d w h i c h w i t n e s s e d the s l a y i n g of M a j o r R i c h a r d W a l d r o n , one of the l e a d i n g figures i n the early h i s t o r y of the c o l o n y . II. C . A l i c e B a k e r , i n her New England this Captives, volume True has Stories also of described affair. Mr. K e t c h u m is not c e r t a i n w h e t h e r Cap- t a i n B a k e r met h i s w i f e i n C a n a d a or after her r e t u r n to D o v e r , but he l e a r n e d that their m a r r i a g e w a s a h a p p y one a n d that they h a d six children. One of these, Colonel Otis B a k e r , had a daughter, L y d i a , w h o married Colonel A m o s A r r i v i n g i n C a n a d a w i t h her m o t h e r , the d a u g h t e r , C h r i s t i n e , h a d been b a p t i z e d i n the F r e n c h C h u r c h a n d at s i x t e e n m a r r i e d to a F r e n c h g e n t l e m a n , L e B e a u , w h o appears to have d i e d soon after. T h u s she m i g h t legally t a k e a d v a n t a g e of the p l a n for the e x c h a n g e of prisoners a n d r e t u r n to D o v e r . C o g s w e l l of D o v e r . Another L y d i a , b o r n of this m a r r i a g e , m a r r i e d P a u l Wentworth of Sandwich and became the m o t h e r of the H o n o r a b l e J o h n ( " L o n g J o h n " ) W e n t w o r t h , first m a y o r of C h i c a g o . Christine Captain T w o interested h i s t o r i a n s h a v e set d o w n the events w h i c h o c c u r r e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the m a r r i a g e of M a d a m e L e B e a u to C a p t a i n Baker. One was the Reverend Silas K e t c h u m , l o n g P r e s i d e n t of the N e w H a m p shire A n t i q u a r i a n Society, a n d a m e m b e r of T h e N e w H a m p s h i r e H i s t o r i c a l Society to w h i c h he left his l i b r a r y . T h e Reverend K e t c h u m ' s article appears i n the N e w H a m p - Baker Baker, lived her to be husband, Massachusetts i n the l e g i s l a t u r e a n d d i e d i n These of first of aged town the representative '753' the eighty-four. was Brookfield, seventy-one. were not the o n l y captives. The I n d i a n h i s t o r y of N e w H a m p s h i r e i n fact is m o r e a history of persons t a k e n to C a n a d a by the I n d i a n s t h a n a history of battles or scalpings. W h i l e other states w e r e the scenes of e x c i t i n g battles tured in with books and the I n d i a n s , l o n g legend as counters w i t h the n a t i v e s i n t h e i r f u l l giving forth INDIAN BORDER DECORATION. ENSIGN & THAYER'S MAP IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. war-whoops tomahawks, N e w and pic- bloody en- regalia waving their H a m p s h i r e has to be c o n - tent w i t h p e a c e - m a k i n g e n c o u n t e r s , occasional "massacres," and the various captivities in w h i c h a considerable n u m b e r of settlers w e r e t a k e n to C a n a d a , a n d later r e d e e m e d . I n d i a n h i s t o r y i n this state b e g a n w i t h the coming of the colonists i n the 1620's and lasted u n t i l the close of the so-called F r e n c h and I n d i a n W a r i n the about a century and a 1760's, a p e r i o d half. The of territory w h i c h is n o w N e w H a m p s h i r e w i t h its l a k e s , rivers, mountains and I n d i a n habitation. valleys was ideal for F i s h and game abounded, p r o v i d i n g both food a n d c l o t h i n g . T h e tribes w e r e by no m e a n s large a n d u s u a l l y content to stay w i t h i n l i m i t e d areas. F r a n c i s P a r k m a n , the h i s t o r i a n , has w r i t t e n a d e s c r i p t i o n of the I n d i a n s to the n o r t h i n A c a d i a w h i c h seems to a p p l y e q u a l l y w e l l to New GENERAL JOHN STARK. FROM A P R I N T IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. Hampshire. I n l a n d A f a d i u , he says, w a s a l l forest, a n d vast tracts of it are a p r i m e v a l forest s t i l l . Flere r o a m e d the A b e n a k i s w i t h their k i n d r e d tribes, a race w i l d as their haunts. I n habits they were all m u c h a l i k e . T h e i r villages w e r e on the waters of the A n d r o s c o g g i n , the Saco, �6 HISTORICAL "LONG JOHN" Wentworth graduated jrom Dartmouth in tlie Class oj i8j6. He was a member of New Hampshire's distinguished Wentworth jamily. After college he went to Chicago and became editor of "The Chicago Democrat." He served as a Representative in Congress and was first elected Mayor of Chicago in 18^7. He was the author of the Wentworth Genealogy. N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE tlic K e n n e b e c , the Penobscot, the St. C r o i x , anil the St. J o h n ; here i n spring they planted their c o r n , beans, a n d p u m p k i n s , a n d t h e n , leaving them to g r o w , w e n t d o w n to the sea i n their birch-canoes. T h e y returned towards the e n d of s u m m e r , gathered their harvest, and w e n t again to the sea, w h e r e they lived i n abundance on d u c k s , geese, a n d other w a t e r f o w l . D u r i n g winter, most of the w o m e n , c h i l d r e n , a n d oltl m e n 7 r e m a i n e d i n the villages; w h i l e the hunters ranged the forest i n chase of moose, deer, caribou, beavers, a n d bears. T h e i r s u m m e r stay at the seashore w a s perhaps the most pleasant, a n d certainly the most picturesque, part of their lives. B i v o u acked by some of the i n n u m e r a b l e coves a n d inlets that indent these coasts, they passed their days i n that alternation of indolence a n d action w h i c h is a second nature to the I n d i a n . H e r e i n w e t weather, w h i l e the torpid w a t e r was d i m p l e d w i t h rain-drops, a n d the u p turned canoes lay idle o n the pebbles, the listless w a r r i o r smoked his pipe u n d e r his roof of b a r k , or launched his slender craft at the d a w n of the J u l y d a y , w h e n shores a n d islands were painted i n shadow against the rosy east, ancl forests, d u s k y a n d cool, lay w a i t i n g for the sunrise. T h e w o m e n gathered raspberries or w h o r t l e berries i n the open places of the woods, or clams a n d oysters i n the sands a n d s h a l l o w s , a d d i n g their shells as a contribution to the shell-heaps that have accumulated for ages along these shores. T h e m e n fished, speared porpoises, o r shot seals. A priest w a s often i n the c a m p w a t c h i n g over his flock, a n d saying mass every day i n a chapel of b a r k . T h e r e w a s no lack of altar candles, made by m i x i n g t a l l o w w i t h the w a x of the bayberry, w h i c h abounded a m o n g the rocky h i l l s , a n d w a s gathered i n profusion by the squaws a n d children. The white men of England came to the s o u t h e r n shores of t h i s t e r r i t o r y a n d the w h i t e m e n f r o m F r a n c e to the n o r t h e r n The INDIAN PIPE. NEW HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. T H E HONORABLE JOHN W F X T W O R I I I , FIRST MAYOR o r ("HICAOO. FROM A PHOIOGRAPH IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. boundaries. colonists of these t w o n a t i o n s differed in t h e i r r e l a t i o n s to the o r i g i n a l n a t i v e s , a l t h o u g h both asserted conversion publicly that their purpose was a n d c i v i l i z a t i o n , not a n n i h i l a t i o n . SECTION OF MURAL I N THE MASCOMA SAVINGS B A N K , LEBANON, BY BERNARD F . CHAPMAN. FROM ' T I E T Y - T H R E E YEARS OF PROGRESS" I N T H E N E W H A M P SHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S LIBRARY. �s HISTORICAL HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE K i n g J a m e s I for i n s t a n c e , Jiad said p i o u s l y w h e n the colonists the early i6oo's first began to e m b a r k that he hoped the in venture " w o u l d result not o n l y i n profit but t e n d to the g l o r y of G o d i n p r o p a g a t i n g the C h r i s t i a n faith among infidels a n d savages a n d t h e m to h u m a n i t y a n d c i v i l i t y . " bring T h e French colonists, l i k e w i s e , w e r e a l m o s t u n a n i m o u s i n t h e i r z e a l to t u r n the I n d i a n s i n t o C h r i s t i a n s , a supreme example being Father Rasle the priests associated It cannot the early be a s s u m e d New and with him. by a n y m e a n s Hampshire colonists here a n d b e g a n i m m e d i a t e w a r f a r e to d r i v e the I n d i a n s out. that landed intended T h e r e w a s m u c h to be l e a r n e d f r o m t h e m . T h e science of t r a p - p i n g , the habits of a g r i c u l t u r e a n d e v e n skills of fishing were largely the unknown to t h e m a n d the I n d i a n s , as they t r a d e d , c o u l d teach them a great p e r i o d of f r o m deal. 1623 Thus to 1675 the first w a s a t i m e of peace-treaties a n d l a n d purchases, the agreements m a d e by the E n g l i s h b e i n g to a i d the I n d i a n s against other tribes a n d to a l l o w t h e m full h u n t i n g and the fishing newcomers privileges. might without molestation. occupy I n return their villages T h a t this p l a n worked to a degree for a l m o s t a n e n t i r e g e n e r a t i o n is significant. W h i l e there w a s a w a r against the I n d i a n s INDIAN ARROW W I T H SIONK ARROW-HEAD. FROM T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. i n the first h a l f c e n t u r y of A m e r i c a n c o l o n i z a t i o n i n N e w E n g l a n d it d i d not occur i n N e w Hampshire. conducted I t w a s against the P e q u o t s l a r g e l y by C o n n e c t i c u t . torian, Belknap, period. Darby reports Field h a v i n g discovered sent there who is to l o o k the the savages except with gold short and There quarrel war and Captain a leading figure who John were direct effects on New 1643 of the N a r r a g a n s e t t nomo, enemy i r e of the capture of the had and Indians a n d a treaty was m a d e by with success- which New almost t w o decades. It is significant that during this period o c c u r r e d one of the great events i n A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y , the active attempt at c o n v e r s i o n of the A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s to the C h r i s t i a n f a i t h , i n k e e p i n g w i t h the professed a i m s of K i n g J a m e s a n d his c o l o n i z e r s C a p t a i n J o h n S m i t h and Captain New John Mason, the pioneers of Hampshire. O b v i o u s l y , h o w e v e r , n o n e of these gentle- m e n h a d the o p p o r t u n i t y to do a n y t h i n g v e r y p r a c t i c a l about i t , but J o h n Eliot did. He " e n g a g e d i n the great w o r k of p r e a c h i n g u n t o the Indians," according established thus in N e w to was the the who historian forerunner the next of century H a m p s h i r e as the same H o w m u c h the t h i r t y years of peace f r o m the in history. against Connecticut the other i n - aroused of H a m p s h i r e w a s assured protection for Wheelock, in Chieftain, Mianto- Pequots, Narragansett ful Eleazer affairs execution Winthrop U n c a s , C h i e f of the M o h e g a n s , w e r e in afterward Hampshire ill-advised Governor to do with E l i o t ' s e n d e a v o r s is a m a t t e r 1630's to the of speculation, i66o's had John but c e r t a i n it is that there w a s peace i n those years, which colonists war, however, The E f f o r t s to p r e v e n t a w a r m a d e by R o g e r W i l l i a m s of R h o d e I s l a n d a n d a c o u n c i l h e l d by and h a d served i n t h a t w a r . T h e Pequot Samuel Eliot Morison, in his admirable essay on John Eliot, sums up Eliot's achievement by saying that "Indian converts could have grasped none oj the intellectual subtleties of Puritanism, hut if the mental attitude of prayer is worth anything Eliot performed a great and noble work-" JOHN E L I O T PREACHING TO T H E INDIANS. FROM A P R I N T IN T H E N E W H A M P SHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. Gookin part subdued Hampshire While preaching to the Indians many significant questions were asked by them oj the preacher, among them: "Why is sea-water salt and land water jresh?" To which Eliot replied, "Why are strawberries sweet and cranberries sour?" Another question was, "Ij God could not be seen with their eyes, how could He be seen tvith their sotds within?" Eliot's answer was, "If they saw a great wigwam wotdd they think that raccoons or foxes had built it that had no wisdom? No, hut they would believe some wise workman made it though they did not see him. So should they believe concerning God when they looked up to Heaven, Sun, Moon and Stars, and saw this great house he hath made though they do not see him with their eyes." sort of preacher i n a s t i l l m o r e p r a c t i c a l w a y . with Underbill, in N e w JOHN ELIOT was horn in England in 1604, coming to America in 1631. As a minister at Roxhury he met an Indian prisoner jrom whom he learned considerable 0/ the Indian language. He began preaching to the Indians in 1646. He established a mission in Massachusetts jor "praying Indians," and with his friend Major Daniel Gookin extended his activities throughout New England prior to King Philip's War. was had 9 with w h o d w e l t i n the southeastern Connecticut 1637." credited w i t h the I n d i a n s . remarkable of that for been, he s a i d , " n o Pequots T h e his- during the W h i t e M o u n t a i n s i n part p a r t to trade that and N E W HAMPSHIRE an gave the opportunity New to Hampshire establish them- selves i n the n e w l a n d a n d b u i l d u p the protection they needed against The days of n o n e too l o n g . preparation, B y 1665 the future. however, were the g r o w t h of New the E n g l a n d a n d the coast t o w n s of N e w all s h i r e h a d i n d i c a t e d a need for e x p a n s i o n Hampto N e w E n g l a n d of w h i c h N e w H a m p s h i r e w a s the n o r t h w a r d . a T h e y h a d n o ideologies l i k e the m o d e r n ones part and open warfare was theatened. T h e I n d i a n s k n e w this too. �10 HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE II K i n g P h i l i p ' s W a r i n 1676, dron's settlement in on M a j o r W a l - Dover. After three years of neglect of their c r o p s , h o w e v e r , the Indians discontinued their attacks. New Hampshire commemorated King P h i l i p ' s W a r h a l f a c e n t u r y later w h e n G o v ernor Jonathan Governor Hampshire John Belcher and Wentworth grants to the Lieutenantmade New descendants of soldiers i n that w a r , m o s t l y f r o m M a s s a c h u setts: N a r r a g a n s e t t N u m b e r T h r e e , n o w A m herst; Narragansett Goffstown; Number and Narragansett Four, now Number Five, now Bedford, were all named i n commemor a t i o n of the great N e w E n g l a n d w a r w h i c h SMITH (MKRISON HOUSE. DOVER. FROM THE ORIGINAL PAINTIXC IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. CAPTAIN JOHN LOCKE, of Rye, whose sword and the sickle with which he defended himself against an attack by Indians who took his life, are among the most valued possessions of The New Hampshire Historical Society, came to America from England in the early i6oo's. Settling in Dover and later near Locke's Neck i" Ry^, he was reaping his fall harvest when several Indians attacked and killed him but not before he had slashed one of them with his sickle and cut of) his nose. Sickle and sword were given to The Society many years ago by The Locke family Association, to which they descended through successive generations of Lockes. of " e n c r o a c h m e n t " or " a g g r e s s i o n " resented the occupation of their b u t they coastwise l a n d , their f i s h i n g w a t e r s a n d t h e i r i n t e r v a l e s by strangers whose civilization seemed to m a k e t h e m p e r m a n e n t o w n e r s a n d not m e r e tribal transients as the I n d i a n s h a d always been. The r e s u l t w a s a n occasion of f a r - r e a c h i n g consequence to New Hampshire. King P h i l i p ' s W a r w a s d i r e c t e d p r i m a r i l y at M a s s a chusetts, C o n n e c t i c u t a n d R h o d e I s l a n d b u t it w a s a n a c t i o n by a great C o n f e d e r a t i o n of Indian tribes, w h i c h England i n c l u d e d a l l the natives except the P e n a c o o k s , Ossipees a n d the P e q u a w k e t s . t i m e the F o r the w a r r i o r s i n c l u d e d the tribes New the first from the n o r t h , w h i c h t o o k i n the M o h a w k s a n d others later to be k n o w n as the " F i v e Na- tions." The colonists blockhouses h a s t i l y b u i l t stockades and a n d d i d a l l they c o u l d to erect fortifications. Nevertheless there were I n d i a n attacks on B r o o k f i e l d , Deerfield a n d Northfield i n Massachusetts and, following K I N G P H I L I P . FROM A PRINT IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. �12 HISTORICAL THE NARRAGANSETT WAR had other indirect effects on New Hampshire, in addition to tlie naming oj its towns. In this war tlie wealthy Captain Thomas Howard was killed and his widow later married a Connecticut jarmer, William Moor. Upon his death, liis son, Joshua Moor, finding himselj with more property than he needed, deeded land and buildings near Lebanon, Connecticut jor the jounding oj Moor's Indian Charity School, which ajterward became Dartmouth College. HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE completely annihilated the on t h e i r t r a d i n g . Narragansett Waldron W i t h a n u n s e t t l e d peace r e i g n i n g i n most New death, England the New following Hampshire King killed. Philip's I n s t e a d the occasion t u r n e d colonists ginning Indian blockhouses s c o u t i n g parties sent out. were A built, defense leader of the colonists fight and was others w e r e c a p t u r e d a n d t a k e n to C a n a d a , the be- em- north. More the M a n y d i e d i n this b a r k e d on a p o l i c y of a r m e d e x p a n s i o n to the and of a long attacks series of such continued at Salmon E x e t e r , a n d the n e a r b y t o w n s . force captures. Falls, Y o r k , Maine, w a s o r g a n i z e d i n a l m o s t every t o w n a n d v i l - was lage. Exeter ham, Rye, in N e w Hampshire, and Haverhill were declared and Haverhill, the frontier Massachusetts and in bounties w e r e offered for I n d i a n scalps. THE FRENCH had early reasons to distrust the Colonists. Belknap points out that the English, under the Treaty oj Breda had ceded the land jrom the Penobscot to Nona Scotia to the French in exchange jor the Island oj St. Christopher. "On these lands," says Belknap, "the Baron de St. Castine had jor many years resided and carried on a large , trade tvith the Indians. In the spring '• oj i68S, Governor Andros oj Massachusetts went in the jrigate Rose, and plundered Castine's house and jort, leaving only the ornaments oj his ^chapel to console him jor his loss oj arms and goods. This base action provoked Castine to excite the Indians to King William's War." 13 out to be a n a r m e d conflict i n w h i c h M a j o r Indians. of N E W HAMPSHIRE In 1680 New b u r n e d a n d the I n d i a n s a t t a c k e d Massachusetts. Peace w a s m a d e w i t h the I n d i a n s by G o v - H a m p s h i r e became a r o y a l e r n o r D u d l e y i n 1703, p r o v i n c e a n d the people left w i t h o n l y t h e m - of selves to l o o k to for p r o t e c t i o n . T h u s they c o n - Anne. t i n u e d u n t i l the o u t b r e a k of a n e w difficulty themselves k n o w n as K i n g W i l l i a m ' s W a r . did No longer w a s it against the s o u t h e r n I n d i a n s b u t the fierce tribes f r o m the N o r t h , the William the year of the d e a t h I I I a n d the accession of The Indians, at St. considerable however, Francis in trading with Canada the in N e w H a m p s h i r e history a " t r a d i n g at N a s h u a , c a l l e d Q u e e n ' s G a r r i s o n . 1689 meantime allies the A i d e d i n A m e r i c a by t h e i r A b e n a k i who Penacooks, in turn were Cochecos and allied with the Pequawkets, the of there o c c u r r e d the prisoners and the lines first of post" I n the exchange towns were g r a d u a l l y e x t e n d e d to the n o r t h w a r d . B e l k n a p , the h i s t o r i a n , says of this p e r i o d F r e n c h a n d I n d i a n s w e r e a l l u n d e r the i m - that " t h e g o v e r n o r of C a n a d a h a d e n c o u r a g e d p l i c i t d i r e c t i o n of F r o n t e n a c at Q u e b e c . the I n d i a n s w h o i n h a b i t e d the borders of N e w T h e first o u t b r e a k o c c u r r e d at D o v e r w h e r e England the N e w H a m p s h i r e tribes h a d come to c a r r y to r e m o v e to Canada" where, INDIAN TOMAHAWK. FROM T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE H I S l O R i o A L SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. INDIAN T R I B A L CHIEF'S BEADED V E S T , W I T H H I S L I F E HISTORY ( F R O N T ) . FROM T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. and New E n g l a n d e r s , w h o established for the first t i m e Abenakis. a n d F r a n c e soon d e c l a r e d w a r o n Queen established W i l l i a m I I I h a d become K i n g of E n g l a n d i n English. Dur- INDIAN T R I B A L CHIEF'S BEADED V E S T , W I T H H I S L I F E HISTORY ( B A C K ) . FROM T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. he �14 HISTORICAL FOREMOST among the French missionaries to the Indians was Father Sebastian Rasle, a much loved Jesuit priest, who apparently possessed a great personal magnetism in contrast to the enthusiastic but comparatively unimaginative John Eliot. Father Rasle is said to have hunted and fished with the Indians, "always erecting a chapel of bark that he might say a daily mass." His first church in the colonies was destroyed by the settlers in 170$ while he was absent. He built another, adorned with paintings done by himself, and maintained an Indian choir of forty voices with home-made bayberry candles at the altar which were said to have made a "blaze of light." Sebastian Rasle compiled a French dictionary of Indian terms which has been preserved. He was killed {1724) near a cross he had erected at Norridgewock in Maine during Lovewell's War. Many years later a group of Protestants and Catholics joined to erect a monument over hts grave \ celebrating, as his biographer • says, the "patient toils of the missionary and love of the darkened soid of *,the Indian, placing the names of Eliot and Rasle in a fellowship which they indeed would both have rejected, but which we may regard as hallowed and true." N E W HAMPSHIRE adds, "they the affairs HISTORICAL became more firmly attached of t h e F r e n c h a n d c o u l d be N E W HAMPSHIRE to more easily d i s p a t c h e d to the f r o n t i e r s . " Thus the the conflect b e t w e e n red men Indians took engaged on a almost the w h i t e s new wholly seldom i n open w a r f a r e . and aspect. in The "raids," C o m p a n i e s of New H a m p s h i r e v o l u n t e e r s often r e t u r n e d w i t h o u t meeting sudden any, w h i l e , as attacks by in 1706, small there bodies on were Dover, O y s t e r R i v e r a n d the t o w n s to the east. the I n d i a n s descended and Great Boar's on E x e t e r , Head, Later Kingston, taking scalps and that prevailed prisoners. Such was the c o n d i t i o n the accession of K i n g G e o r g e I i n 1713. at The s i g n i n g of the Peace T r e a t y of U t r e c h t i n that year b r o u g h t a cessation of E u r o p e a n hostili- ties for a p e r i o d of t w e n t y - s i x years a n d Hampshire benefitted accordingly. New INDIAN CHILD'S SNOWSHOES. N E W H A M P SHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. There w e r e s e v e r a l e x c e p t i o n s , h o w e v e r , as far as the Indians were concerned. shire's t h i r d I n 1722 New Hamp- I n d i a n w a r occurred, k n o w n as L o v e w e l l ' s W a r , made famous through w i d e l y circulated ballads a n d The Francis first serious Indians pamphlets. attacks at were Dover in by the 1724. St. Cap- t a i n J o h n L o v e w e l l of D u n s t a b l e i m m e d i a t e l y o r g a n i z e d a c o m p a n y a n d m e t t h e m the n e x t year at P e q u a w k e t , n o w F r y e b u r g . Jonathan F r y e , w h o s e n a m e the t o w n s bears, w a s C h a p lain in Maine, F r y e b u r g w a s settled l a r g e l y by N e w of Hamp- shire Paugus to the the company. people. The Indians w e r e defeated colonists. Although under Chief w i t h considerable Chaplain Frye was i n the battle as w a s C a p t a i n L o v e w e l l . loss killed The N e w H a m p s h i r e t o w n of S u n c o o k , n o w P e m broke, was granted years after the to L o v e w e l l ' s men three fight. B e l k n a p has d e s c r i b e d this p e r i o d i n I n d i a n history v i v i d l y . To account, he says, for the frequent w a r s w i t h the eastern I n d i a n s , u s u a l l y called by the F r e n c h , the A b e n a q u i s , a n d their unsteadiness both i n w a r and peace; w e m u s t observe, that they were situated between the colonies of t w o E u r o p e a n nations, w h o w e r e often at w a r w i t h each other, antl w h o pursued very different measures w i t h regard to t h e m . As the lands o n w h i c h they l i v e d w e r e c o m prehended i n the patents granted by the c r o w n of E n g l a n d , the natives were considered b y the E n g l i s h as subjects of that c r o w n . I n the treaties a n d conferences held w i t h t h e m they were styled the k i n g ' s subjects; w h e n w a r w a s declared against t h e m , they w e r e called rebels; PAUGUS was one of the Chiefs of the Pequawket tribe. He is said to have organized many of the Indian raids which brought on Lovewell's War in 172^. His warriors were attacked by Captain Lovewell on the border between Maine and New Hampshire near Fryeburg, as they were about to leave on an expedition carrying much ammunition together with spare blankets and moccasins for the use of captives. Paugus and all his men were killed in this attackA verse composed the occasion begins: to commemorate 'Twas Paugus led the Pequ'k't tribe: As runs the fox, would Paugus run; As howls the wild wolf, would he howl; A huge bear-skin had Paugus on. But Chamberlain, of Dunstable, One whom a savage ne'er shall slay. Met Paugus by the water-side. And shot him dead upon that day. and w h e n they w e r e compelled to m a k e peace, they subscribed a n a c k n o w l e d g m e n t of their perfidy a n d a declaration of their submission to the g o v e r n m e n t w i t h o u t a n y j u s t ideas of the m e a n i n g of those t e r m s ; a n d i t is a difficult point to determine w h a t k i n d of subjects they w e r e . Besides the patents derived f r o m the c r o w n the E n g l i s h , i n general, were fond of obtaining f r o m the I n d i a n s , deeds of sale for tho.se lands o n w h i c h they were disposed to m a k e settlements. Some of these deeds w e r e executed w i t h legal f o r m a l i t y , a n d a valuable consideration w a s paid to the natives for the purchase; others were obscure a n d u n c e r t a i n ; but the memory of such transactions WAS soon lost a m o n g a people w h o h a d no w r i t t e n records. L a n d s h a d been purchased of the I n d i a n chiefs on the rivers K c n n e b e c k a n d St. George at a n early period; b u t the succeeding I n d i a n s either h a d no k n o w l e d g e of the sales m a d e by their ancestors, or had a n idea that such bargains were not b i n d i n g o n posterity w h o h a d as m u c h need of the lands, a n d c o u l d use t h e m to the same purpose as their fathers. A t first, the I n d i a n s d i d not k n o w that the E u r o p e a n m a n n e r of c u l t i v a t i n g lands a n d erecting m i l l s and tlams w o u l d drive a w a y the game a n d fish, and thereby deprive them of the means of subsistence; a f t e r w a r d , finding by e x p e r i ence that this w a s the consec]uence of a d m i t ting foreigners to settle a m o n g t h e m , they repented of their hospitality a n d were i n c l i n e d to dispossess their n e w neighbors, as the o n l y w a y of restoring the country to its pristine state a n d of recovering their u s u a l mode of subsistence. T h e y were e x t r e m e l y offended by the settlements w h i c h the E n g l i s h , after the peace of �i6 HISTORICAL JEREMY BELKNAP, was horn in Boston, IJ44, entered Harvard at fifteen, graduating in 1762. He tatiglit sc/iool in New Hampshire and hecame pastor of the Dover Congregational Church. He was the author of the first definitive "History of New Hampshire" in three volumes and was one of the founders of The Massachusetts Historical Society. He died in lygS. N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL 17 It was i n the power of the E n g l i s h to supply them w i t h provisions, a r m s , a m m u n i t i o n , blankets and other articles w h i c h they w a n t e d cheaper than they could purchase them of the French. G o v e r n o r Shute hat! promised that t r a i l i n g houses should be established a m o n g t h e m , and that a s m i t h should be provided to keep their a r m s and other i n s t r u m e n t s i n repair; but the u n h a p p y contentions between the governor and assembly of Massachusetts |)revented a compliance w i t h this engagement. T h e I n d i a n s were therefore obliged to submit to the impositions of private traders, or to seek supplies f r o m the F r e n c h w h o failed not to j o i n w i t h them i n reproaching the E n g l i s h for this breach of promise, a n d for their a v i d i t y i n getting a w a y the l a n d . GOVERNOR SAMUEL SHUTE. FROM A P R I N T IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. SAMUEL SHUTE was governor of New Hampshire and also Massachusetts from 1716 to 1724. Through his influence and that of his hrother fohn Slitite, Earl of Barrington, tlie Scotch settlers in the north of Ireland were welcomed to America in 1718, where they settled in Londonderry, New Hampshire. INDUS- SIGNATURKS OX E A R L Y M A P OF N E W HAMPSHIRE " N O R T H COUNTRY." FROM THE NEW HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. HAMPSHIRE K i n g of F r a n c e ; and solitary traders resided w i t h , or occasionally visited t h e m ; but no attempt was made by any c o m p a n y to settle on their lands. U t r e c h t , inatle on the hmths to the eastward and by their b u i l d i n j ; forts, block houses and n u l l s ; whereby their mode of passing the rivers and carrying-places was i n t e r r u p t e d ; and they could not believe, though they were told w i t h great solemnity, that these forufications w e r e erected for their defence against i n v a s i o n . W h e n conferences were held w i t h t h e m on this subject, they either denied that the lands h a d been sold, or pretended that the sachems h a d exceedetl their power i n m a k i n g the bargains; or had c o n v e j e d lands beyond the limits of their tribe; or that the E n g l i s h had t a k e n advantage of their d r u n k e n n e s s to m a k e t h e m sign the deeds; or that no valuable consideration had been g i v e n for the purchase. No arguments or evidence w h i c h could be a d duced w o u l d satisfy them unless the lands w e r e paid for a g a i n ; antl had this been done once, their posterity after a few years w o u l d have renewed the d e m a n d . O n the other h a n d , the F r e n c h d i d not i n a f o r m a l m a n n e r declare them subjects of the c r o w n of F r a n c e but every tribe, h o w e v e r s m a l l , w a s a l l o w e d to preserve its independence. T h o s e w h o were situated i n the heart of C a n a d a kept their lands to themselves, w h i c h were never solicited f r o m t h e m ; those w h o d w e l t on the rivers a n d shores of the A d a n t i c , though distant f r o m the F r e n c h colonies, received a n n u a l presents f r o m the N E W T h e inhabitants of the eastern parts of N e w E n g l a n d were not of the best character for religion and were ill-adapted to engage the affections of the I n d i a n s by their e x a m p l e . T h e frequent hostilities on this quarter, not only kept alive a spirit of jealousy a n d revenge i n i n d i v i d u a l s , but jirevented a n y e n deavors to propagate religious knowledge a m o n g the I n d i a n s by the g o v e r n m e n t ; though it was one of the conditions of their charter; and though m a n y good men w i s h e d it might be attempted. A t length. G o v e r n o r Shute, i n his conference w i t h their sachems at A r r o w s i c k , i n t r o duced this i m p o r t a n t business by offering thcni i n a f o r m a l m a n n e r , an I n d i a n bible, and a protestant missionary; but they rejected both, saying " G o d hath g i v e n us teaching a l ready, and if we should go f r o m i t , we should displease h i m . " H e w o u l d have done m u c h better service and perhaps prevented a w a r , if he had complied w i t h their earnest desire to fix a boundary beyond w h i c h the E n g l i s h should not extend their settlements. . \m a n , i n conversation w i t h one of their sachems, asked h i m w h y they w e r e so strongly attached to the F r e n c h , f r o m w h o m they could not expect to receive so m u c h benefit as f r o m the E n g l i s h ; the sachem g r a v e l y a n s w e r e d , "because the F r e n c h have taught us to prav to G o d , w h i c h the E n g l i s h never did." A considerable n u m b e r of prisoners h a v i n g been t a k e n d u r i n g these t i m e s . N e w H a m p s h i r e , i n 1725, m a d e its first overtures to the C a n a d i a n a u t h o r i t i e s for t h e i r r e t u r n . The F r e n c h g o v e r n o r at M o n t r e a l a r r a n g e d a m e e t i n g of the C o m m i s s i o n , of w h i c h T h e o dore A t k i n s o n of N e w H a m p s h i r e w a s one, w i t h the I n d i a n chiefs of the A b e n a k i tribe. S i x t e e n captives w e r e r a n s o m e d as the result of this m e e t i n g . �HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE The province blessed with HISTORICAL of New Hampshire comparative peace I n d i a n s for the n e x t decade. the Settlements i n tiers a n d n a m e d ber, one, t w o , three a n d four. by 19 was with ad- v a n c e d to the n o r t h as t o w n after t o w n g r a n t e d , often N E W HAMPSHIRE was num- N o t u n t i l the accession of K i n g G e o r g e I I I i n 1741 d i d the I n d i a n s a g a i n become a threat to N e w Hamp- shire. T h e w a r s b e t w e e n the w h i t e m e n a n d red men affairs. had heretofore With hostilities been purely between the local England a n d S p a i n , i n w h i c h the F r e n c h a l l i e d t h e m selves against the began. Hampshire New English, a world would conflict be drawn i n t o this conflict, since it lay on the border- line between F r a n c e and E n g l a n d . B y the year between 1 7 4 4 there w a s open the N e w E n g l a n d colonies warfare and the F r e n c h to the n o r t h , s a i d to be to protect the fishing interests at C a p e B r e t o n but to b e g i n probably a n e w series of attacks against the I n d i a n tribes c o n s i d e r e d to be a l l i e d w i t h the French in Canada. T h e extent to w h i c h this w a s t r u e is u n certain. As early as 1725 Vaudreuil, the F r e n c h G o v e r n o r of C a n a d a h a d i n s i s t e d t h a t his g o v e r n m e n t " h a d neither encouraged or s u p p l i e d t h e m for the purpose of w a r . " T h e y were, INDIAN M A L L E T . FROM T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. "an he asserted independent (meaning the Abenakis), n a t i o n " a n d s a i d that war w a s " u n d e r t a k e n by t h e m i n defence of t h e i r l a n d s w h i c h h a d been i n v a d e d by the people of N e w ('oi.oNiAi. l^LocK HOUSE AND Situ.KADI,. FROM A P R I N T IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL S o c i E ' r Y ' s COLLECTION. England." INDIAN BEADED MOCCASINS IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. ONE of the New Hampshire forts, or "garrisons" at Concord is described in a printed address given in i8go hefore Tlie New Hampsliire Historical Society. It was htiilt, according to this address: "of hewed logs, which lay flat upon each other." The ends, heing fitted for the purpose, it continues, ivere inserted in grooves set in large posts, erected at each corner. They enclosed an area of several square rods, were raised to the height of a common dwelling-house, and at two or more of the corners were placed hoxcs where sentinels kept watch. In some cases, several small huildings, erected for the temporary accommodation of families, were within the enclosure. Houses not connected with garrisons were all deserted hy their owners, and tire furniture removed. In the day-time men went forth to tlieir labors in companies, always carrying their guns with them, and one or more of tlieir number placed on guard. If the Indians were discovered approaching, alarm guns were fired, and the report answered from fort to fort. On the Sabbath tJie men went armed to the Iwuse of worship, stacked their guns around a post in tile middle, and sat down with bullet-pouch and potvder-liorn slung across their shoulders, while their pastor, the Rev. Timothy Walker, who is said to have had the best gun in the parish, prayed and preached with his gun standing in the ptdpit. Mr. Atkinson, shire at claimed outside the representing conference t h a t the N e w their province New held in HampMontreal, England lands and the that were whites h a d as m u c h r i g h t there as the I n d i a n s . is c e r t a i n that the N o r t h e r n I n d i a n s o n l y a total of a f e w Hampshire One square It occupied m i l e s of New agreed upon territory. thing is a p p a r e n t and by h i s t o r i a n s : that the w a y to the a t t a c k Cape Breton by the N e w Englanders on asso- ciated as they w e r e w i t h the E n g l i s h C r o w n , lay t h r o u g h I n d i a n c o u n t r y a n d that the I n d i a n tribes there m u s t be o v e r c o m e first. appears, another however, that there was It route a n d the battle of L o u i s b o u r g , the c i t a d e l of C a p e on the Breton, w a s actually fought sea. Most of the New largely Hampshire v o l u n t e e r s w h o took p a r t i n it n e v e r s a w a n y I n d i a n s , except those c o m p a r a t i v e l y few who helped to m a n the forts p r o t e c t i n g the F r e n c h c i t i z e n s of a n o t h e r w i s e New England volunteers clergy peaceful city. had, according to h i s t o r y , m o t i v e s ; first to protect the N e w countryside second vaders," to against move who "aggression," the had t h i r d to the no several Hampshire Northern against probably and The w h o e n c o u r a g e d these Indians; French "in- i n t e n t i o n of instigate a reli- g i o u s " c r u s a d e " ostensibly opposed to that of the F r e n c h , w h i c h w o u l d , as the Reverend G e o r g e W h i t e f i e l d p u t i t , be " u n d e r the l e a d - �20 HISTORICAL NEW BRETON was the name of a New Hampshire town granted by Governor Bcnning Wentworth in ly^i in honor of those w/io fought at Cape Breton. Among the applicants for land were Captain John Ladd and Captain Ebenezer Webster, father of Daniel Webster. In lyyg the town was renamed Andovcr. N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL N E W 21 HAMPSHIRE e r s h i p of C h r i s t , " a n d i n the w o r d s of P a r s o n the M o o d y of P o r t s m o u t h , " h e w d o w n the a h a r s C h a r l e s t o w n i n his h o n o r . i n the F r e n c h c h u r c h e s . " Indian W h a t e v e r a c t u a l l y o c c u r r e d , the F r e n c h a n d I n d i a n s d i d not t h e n i n v a d e N e w since Louisbourg siege, with Shirley was subdued Colonel and settlement attacks subsequently similar to C h a r l e s t o w n , but a p p a r e n d y England, following was i n by the F r e n c h forces, a named the one at not p a r t i c i p a t e d also took place at R o c h e s t e r a n d at C o n c o r d ( t h e n called R u m - Pepperrell, Governor f o r d ) d u r i n g the same p e r i o d . Lieutenant-Governor Vaughan attack in 1746, known T h e Concord i n history as "The e m e r g i n g as heroes, n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g the fact B r a d l e y M a s s a c r e , " r e s u l t e d i n the s l a y i n g of that five i n the r e s u l t i n g treaty of A i x - l a - C h a p - citizens, whose names are i n s c r i b e d on pelle the E n g l i s h r e t u r n e d L o u i s b o u r g to its w h a t is k n o w n as " T h e B r a d l e y Monument" original F r e n c h proprietors. i n the w e s t e r n p a r t of the t o w n . T h e monu- T h e L o u i s b o u r g i n c i d e n t , h o w e v e r , w a s not w i t h o u t its I n d i a n repercussions. naki The tribes, bitter at the a p p a r e n t t h e i r F r e n c h patrons, soon b e g a n ment Abe- defeat was deeded of erected to T h e in New 1837 and was Hampshire later Historical Society. retaliatory A t the b e g i n n i n g of the S e v e n Y e a r s ' W a r , w a r f a r e i n earnest against N e w E n g l a n d a n d k n o w n i n A m e r i c a as the F r e n c h a n d I n d i a n New W a r , N e w H a m p s h i r e v o l u n t e e r troops p a r t i - Hampshire in particular. Forts at once erected by Massachusetts Four or Charlestown; Great at were Number Meadow W e s t m o r e l a n d ; G r e a t F a l l or W a l p o l e ; Dummer or Hinsdale; Upper Ashuelot H a m p s h i r e fortifications Souhegan East or or The Indian these places. against T h e encounters do most ticut R i v e r from Canada Indians, directly the New a Johnson. campaign Hampshire T h e f r o n t i e r t o w n s of S a l i s b u r y , not down and the seem Connec- preyed located b e t w e e n the panies of " R a n g e r s " BRADLEY MONUMENT. D E E D E D TO T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Robert interest. Rogers of w h i c h that of T h e a c c o u n t of R o g e r s ' s R a n g e r s is upon Connec- I n 1747, h o w e v e r . C a p t a i n P h i n e h a s Stevens h a v i n g o r g a n i z e d w h a t w a s p r o b a b l y the of "Rangers," a r r i v e d at t o w n f r o m D e e r f i e l d a n d set u p first Charles- headquarters i n the F o r t k n o w n as " N u m b e r F o u r , " u n d e r the j u r i s d i c t i o n of M a s s a c h u s e t t s . F o r almost the first t i m e a n I n d i a n " b a t t l e " o c c u r r e d o n N e w H a m p s h i r e s o i l , i n w h i c h the a t t a c k i n g force was composed, diers. Although i n p a r t , of F r e n c h sol- this force apparently out- n u m b e r e d the g a r r i s o n t h e i r a t t a c k w a s u n successful. a sturdy plan The fort, four-sided b u i l t i n the f o r m log of w h i c h has been ported to be the best of stockade, preserved, an of exact was re- its k i n d i n New E n g l a n d a n d a m o d e l for other t o w n s . Ad- miral Sir Charles Knowles, in command of the E n g l i s h fleet at B o s t o n m a d e the g a r r i s o n a gift of a h a n d s o m e gold-hiked sword and Major c l a i m s the greatest h i s t o r i c a l t i c u t a n d the M e r r i m a c k . company extent the I n d i a n s a n d captives t a k e n . of to h a v e been by l a r g e bodies of I n d i a n s , but the settlements not T h e s e i n c i d e n t s l e d to the f o r m i n g of c o m - recurred small groups w h o came the was W a l p o l e , H i n s d a l e and Keene were all raided Rochester. attacks against t h e i r allies. Souhegan W e s t or A m h e r s t a n d at L o n d o n d e r r y , C h e s ter, E p s o m a n d this to w h i c h the F r e n c h h a d m a d e Hopkinton, Merrimack, While soldiers h a d reason to l e a r n soon the w e r e b u i l t at Pcnacook, Suncook, Contoocook, i n the a t t a c k on C r o w n P o i n t u n d e r the d i r e c t i o n of S i r W i l l i a m Fort K e e n e a n d L o w e r A s h u e l o t or S w a n z e y . New cipated i n 1754 or S I R W I L L I A M IOHNSON. FROM A P R I N T IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. �22 HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON was tlie nephew of Admiral Sir Peter Warren, tvho bore the same name as the New Hampshire town of Warren and who received a grant of land in the Mohawk Valley from the English government. Sir William came to America and settled on this land in iJsS. In I74y it was largely through his efforts that the Mohawk Indians remained peaceful during the war betiveen England and Prance. He held numerous councils with the tribes, with whom lie traded in furs and othei- articles and in 7755 was given the "sole management and direction of the affairs of the six nations of Indians and their allies." In this position he commanded a force of some two thousand colonial militia and two or three hundred Indians. In iy6o with a force of several hundred Indians lie joined General Amherst in the attack on Montreal. After the death of his first wife he married Molly Brant, a Mohawk Indian and sister of Chief Joseph Brant, , whose Indian name was Thayendanegea and who was among the Indians educated at Moor's Indian Charity School at Lebanon, Connecticut, which later hecame Dartmouth College. ROBERT R t x j E R S . FROM A P R I N T IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE H I S TORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. told i n c o n s i d e r a b l e in his which Journal The of d e t a i l by R o g e r s h i m s e l f Major New Robert Hampshire ciety L i b r a r y has s e v e r a l ing is first Rogers his re-told by Rogers T h e story K e n n e t h Roberts h i s t o r i c a l n o v e l , Northivest Major So- editions i n c l u d - the r a r e D u b l i n copy of 1770. admirably of Historical collected in Passage. a group of excel- l e n t m a r k s m e n , a l l m e n w e l l - e q u i p p e d to face severe hardships, ments i n the v i c i n i t y of F o r t E d w a r d , F o r t William and Henry after and several Crown engage- Point, the R a n g e r s w e r e o r d e r e d by G e n e r a l A m h e r s t to destroy The the I n d i a n v i l l a g e of S t . F r a n c i s . march took T h e y were ordered to k i l l w o m e n them twenty-one and children. They the m e n , t a k i n g and returned down the the remainder This is t h e last n o t a b l e New Hampshire history. most prisoners Connecticut G e n e r a l J o h n S t a r k w a s one of the not attacked the v i l l a g e d u r i n g the n i g h t , d i s p a t c h e d of days. by G e n e r a l A m h e r s t River. Rangers. I n d i a n encounter in CAPTAIN JOSEPH BRANT, "THAYENDENEGEA." FROM AN ENGRAVING IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. �24 HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE EMMA COLEMAN, in her fine study of "New England Captives Carried to Canada," says: "Our Indian enemies in the Intercolonial Wars were almost without exception from the missions, from those established on the rivers of Maine by priests going to Indian villages and from those in Canada, near Montreal, Three Rivers and Quebec, to which Indians from New England and New York had been urged to migrate. And back to their mission-homes they carried our people, where today many of their kin are living." SECTION OF CAPTAIN JOSEPH BLAXCHAUD'S MAP^ SHOWING ROUTE OVER W H I C H INDIAN CAPTIVES W E R E T A K E N TO CANADA. FROM T H E ORIGINAL IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. I or the I n d i a n s , c a m e to A m e r i c a f r o m they c o u l d h a v e w h a t they f o u n d h e r e , w h e t h e r fish, 'America h a d a precedent f r o m the S p a n i a r d s . and brought back treasure i n gold and E n g l a n d colonists k n e w there w a s n o g o l d a n d s i l v e r to be f o u n d . is t o l d t h a t at one t i m e , l o n g after, a gifted t h e e a r l y colonists of N e w secution." make a from collected considerable either South the New The story speaker h a d t o l d h i s hearers that H a m p s h i r e " h a d c o m e here to escape r e l i g i o u s per- c a p t u r e a n d the events l e a d i n g u p to it. Why and of these people w e r e t a k e n to C a n a d a , h o w they w e r e treated a n d w h a t became those who never r e t u r n e d is w o r t h c o n - s i d e r i n g at the outset. of colonization was T h e religious as important H a m p s h i r e is u n i q u e i n h i s t o r y because of the fact and P u r i t a n of N e w E n g l a n d . far U n f o r t u n a t e l y for H a m p s h i r e settlements greater success among the The Indians French the F r e n c h i n their not missionary than only did T h i s is one of the strange M a n y of these captives w e r e t h u s T h e s e prisoners were e l s e w h e r e , b u t of greater i m p o r t a n c e the F r e n c h f a i t h , a d d i n g each t i m e , they h o p e d , to the s t r e n g t h of their the F r e n c h . T h e i r v a l u e to the F r e n c h w a s at least captures threefold. weaken Not the only would E n g l i s h colonies, over to own c o l o n i z a t i o n i n C a n a d a a n d d i m i n i s h i n g that of the E n g l i s h colonies. The New H a m p s h i r e H i s t o r i c a l Society's L i b r a r y has one of the best col- lections i n A m e r i c a of " c a p t i v e " I n d i a n accounts. S o m e are m e r e m a n u s c r i p t s . MODEL OF BIKCH-BARK CANOE IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. to the I n d i a n w a s the o p p o r t u n i t y of s e l l i n g t h e m to paradoxes carried back adopted i n t o the tribes at S t . F r a n c i s i n C a n a d a a n d A g a i n a n d a g a i n the I n d i a n s descended f r o m the n o r t h o n a N e w H a m p s h i r e prisoners." for m a s t e r y of N o r t h A m e r i c a . an r i v e r s a n d m o u n t a i n s to be sold to the F r e n c h , not as slaves but as converts them allies i n the great s t r u g g l e of h i s t o r y . t o w n or v i l l a g e to " t a k e the converted e n t i r e l y n e w p r i n c i p l e ; they treated the settlers as they d i d furs a n d fish s e e k i n g p r i m a r i l y to c a p t u r e t h e m a n d sell t h e m . the F r e n c h C a t h o l i c of C a n a d a as i t w a s to the that i n s t e a d of k i l l i n g the " i n t r u d e r s " the I n d i a n n a t i v e s of the soil adopted aspect to money." fighting or a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l g i v i n g the story of a specific i n t o effective first. are biographical " N a y , " r e p l i e d someone i n the a u d i e n c e , " t h e y c a m e here to fish a n d New docu- number t h e m to t h e i r f a i t h but also c o n v e r t e d England H a d they not gone to B u t soon pamphlets, English. or g a m e or m i n e r a l s silver! printed labors or m e r e l y soil to be c u l t i v a t e d . They fragments And had N T H E C O N T E S T W i t h the I n d i a n s i n N e w H a m p s h i r e the p r o b l e m before the T h e s e settlers h a d been t o l d that i f they c a m e are ments. the N e w New Hampshire Persons T a k e n as Captives by the Indians settlers as to w h o s h o u l d h a v e the l a n d , they Others 25 INDIAN D O L L . N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. these but �HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE THE NEW HAMPSHIRE clergy were particularly irritated to find that captives taken to Canada hy the Indians had been given special protection hy the French Government. Governor Penning Wentworth voiced this concern when he wrote Lord Holderness in iy54 that "the young people (captives) are exposed to the craft oj Romish clergy and are in great danger oj heing corrupted with the pernicious principles oj the Church oj Rome, who are assiduous in pro.^elytizing them to their own religion." The first 27 captives to be t a k e n to Canada by the I n d i a n s w e r e those f r o m H a t f i e l d a n d D e e r f i e l d , Massachusetts of King Major i n 1677 Philip's W a r . Ebenezer One at the e n d of Hinsdale, from these was whom the N e w Hampshire town was named. w h o escaped, Indians apiece for though, were brought expected at their the back news that to receive captives eight in at w a r with these pounds Canada time, E n g l a n d not openly Another and one even France another. T h e C a n a d i a n I n d i a n s , it w a s b e l i e v e d , w o u l d j o i n the n e x t r a i d i f this one p r o v e d finan- c i a l l y successful. All the captives w h o s u r v i v e d the t r e k to C a n a d a w e r e redeemed the f o l l o w i n g s p r i n g i n c l u d i n g t w o infants aptly n a m e d Waite and " C a p t i v i t y " Jennings. "Canada" In order to a c c o m p l i s h t h i s forty-six t o w n s c o n t r i b u t e d 344 p o u n d s , 3 s h i l l i n g s a n d 6 pence. i n t e r e s t i n g to note that the t o w n of I t is Ports- m o u t h m a d e the second largest c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h i s f u n d . T h r e e h u n d r e d p o u n d s of the total w e n t to C a n a d a as r a n s o m money. W h e t h e r or not these I n d i a n s f o u n d trade i n N e w creasing Englanders number of such profitable, this an in- depredations oc- c u r r e d d u r i n g the n e x t eighty years w i t h N e w H a m p s h i r e l o s i n g its share of m e n , INDIAN WAMPUM B E L T . FROM T H E NEW HAMPSHIRE HISTORCAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. women INDIAN C H I L E . FROM A PAINTING FORMERLY OWNED BY SAMUEL G . D R A K E , HISTORIAN. N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. they w e r e u s e f u l for prisoner e x c h a n g e s for r a n s o m m o n e y . be e m p l o y e d sparsely to bolster the labor populated and F u t h e r m o r e they m i g h t New France. supply of To the c l e r i c a l interests it w a s c e r t a i n l y w o r t h w h i l e to convert these heretics to what they be- l i e v e d to be the t r u e f a i t h , a n d this w a s done w h e n e v e r possible. thorough-going Francis T h e r e f o r e , they set u p a bounty system. P a r k m a n , w r i t i n g of King Wil- l i a m ' s W a r , points out that " T w e n t y crowns iiad been offered for each male w h i t e , ten crowns for each female, a n d ten crowns for each scalp, whether I n d i a n or E n g l i s h . T h e bounty o n prisoners produced an excellent result, since instead of k i l l i n g them the I n d i a n allies learned to b r i n g them to Quebec. I f c h i l d r e n , they were placed i n the convents; and if adults, they were distributed to labor among the settlers. T h u s though the royal letters show that the measure w a s one of policy, it acted i n the interest of humanity." SECTION o r MURAL IN T H E MASCOMA S . w i N G S BANK, LEBANON, BY BERNARD F . CHAPMAN. FROM "FIFTY'-THREE YEARS OF PROGRESS" IN T H E N E W FIAMPS H i R E HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S LIBRARY. �28 HISTORICAL JOHN WHEELWRIGHT, the founder of Exeter, came from Lincolnshire, England, where he was a vicar in a country cliurch. Sailing for America in about i6^^ he purchased land at Exeter from the Indians who are said to have given him a deed. The matter was widely publicized but the deed was never authenticated as genuine. Mr. Wheelwright was pastor of the Exeter Church, later moving to Maine. N E W HAMPSHIRE and children, "captivated" T h e settlement next by u p captives the r a i d here brutally Indians. to C a n a d a . in which Major W a l d r o n , I n d i a n trader a n d of the l e a d i n g the at C o c h e c o ( D o v e r ) w a s the to d e l i v e r was HISTORICAL figures It Richard fighter, a n d one i n the colony, w a s so murdered. T h e H a n n a h D u s t a n episode is a m o n g the first records to appear i n p r i n t e d f o r m . and Mary Neff Haverhill, set were taken Massachusetts, off i n the d i r e c t i o n She prisoners DEERFIELD teas protected by a Palisade with twenty soldiers, who however, were not alert, and considerably hampered by a deep snow. Miss Baker, in her book says "The Indians came in at niglit like a flood upon them, and tlie morning dawned on a scene of horror." Emma Lewis Coleman gives a total of one hundred and twenty captives taken to Canada in noi from Deerfield alone. N A R R A T I V E o r, T H B C captors Merrimack River, of C a n a d a . They a n d there most Mrs. is celebrated the t w o places. Mas. V I T Y J O H N S O N . An A C C O U N T i f IJCI r\.y: i;P.IN'.N during Four 'r'ears » I'l 1".- I . ' were and F R E N c H . a n d t a k e n to C a n a d a , the latter re- t u r n i n g to become the m o t h e r dren. at of H a v e r - h i l l , a n d H a n n a h E a s t m a n of C o n c o r d captured I while by m o n u m e n t s H a n n a h Bradley T Dustan of the p a r t y they slept, r e t u r n i n g by canoe to H a v e r h i l l . H e r memory P o ? stopped for the n i g h t near P e n a c o o k o n the k i l l e d a n d scalped A at a n d their 29 N E W HAMPSHIRE Samuel Gill of n i n e of S a l i s b u r y , chil- Massachu- setts, w a s t a k e n i n 1697 at the age of n i n e , growing up i n Canada English girl. ferred to r e m a i n a m o n g students and marrying at D a r t m o u t h I n the Histoire the I n d i a n s . were des Abena\is, Indian of Samuel Abbe Gill of d a u g h t e r of the R e v e r e n d J o h n seven Quebec. at Wells, Purchased Maine from J i . , : . .KTSlURf., C A R L 1 S L E, jun. and grand- Wheelwright, and AT D A V I D fifty-two white blood. f o u n d e r of E x e t e r , w a s c a p t u r e d P R I N T E D By Maurauk I n 1703 E s t h e r W h e e l w r i g h t , great of Three his grandsons. records a total of n i n e h u n d r e d a n d descendants an H e never r e t u r n e d , h a v i n g pre- at the age taken to the A b e n a k i I n - T i i T . E PACE OE T i i t JOHNSON- N A R RATIVE. I N T H E NE-W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S LIBRARY. d i a n s by a F r e n c h priest, she b e c a m e a governess i n the f a m i l y of the F r e n c h g o v e r n o r , V a u d r e u i l a n d later entered a n U r s u l i n e C o n v e n t , e v e n t u a l l y to become M o t h e r S u perior of the U r s u l i n e s at M o n t r e a l , d y i n g i n 1780 at the age of eighty-four. She was the o n l y E n g l i s h w o m a n ever to be so elected. A n o t h e r instance of the u n u s u a l o u t c o m e of I n d i a n c a p t i v i t y is that of E u n i c e W i l l i a m s d a u g h t e r of P a r s o n J o h n W i l l i a m s of D e e r f i e l d w h o w a s c a p t u r e d i n 1704 f o l l o w i n g the I n d i a n a t t a c k there a n d t a k e n to Canada. R e f u s i n g a l l entreaties o n the part of h e r parents t o be r a n s o m e d a n d r e t u r n e d , she b e c a m e the w i f e of a n I n d i a n w h o h a d been b a p t i z e d by the n a m e A m b r o s e . HKAD o i - HANNAH Du.srAN'.s TO.MAHAWK. FROM A P R I N T I N T H E N E W H A M P SHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. T h e r e w a s also the case of the R o l l i n s f a m i l y of E x e t e r , w h e r e a m o t h e r a n d h e r t w o d a u g h t e r s w e r e c a p t u r e d , a n d the m o t h e r r e d e e m e d , w h i l e the d a u g h t e r s r e m a i n e d to marry into F r e n c h families. �HISTORICAL N E W HISTORICAL HAMPSHIRE In 1725 the Hanson household was a t t a c k e d by eleven I n d i a n s . T h e husband a n d a d a u g h t e r escaped, but M r s . H a n s o n , her m a i d a n d several of her c h i l d r e n w e r e c a r r i e d off. M r s . H a n s o n , the m a i d a n d three of her c h i l d r e n w e r e e v e n t u a l l y r a n s o m e d , the youngest c h i l d h a v i n g r e m a i n e d as the w i f e of a F r e n c h n a t i v e . T w o other c h i l d r e n d i e d at the h a n d s of the I n d i a n s at the t i m e of the c a p t u r e . I n 1754, j u s t at the b e g i n n i n g of the S e v e n Y e a r ' s W a r , the I n d i a n s r a i d e d the c o u n t r y Hamp- s h i r e , t h e n a n e w l y settled f a r m area k n o w n as S t e v e n s t o w n . Scribner, H e r e they c a p t u r e d S a m u e l Robert Barber, Enos Bishop and N a t h a n i e l M e l o o n w i t h his w i f e a n d several children. J E I I R Y , LORD AMHERST. FROM A P R I N T IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. T h e M e l o o n s w e r e t a k e n to C a n a d a , a l o n g w i t h the others, a n d sold to a F r e n c h priest aboard Intercepted BEADED B E L T MADE BY RACHEL MELOON WHILE S H E W A S AN INDIAN C A P TIVE IN CANADA, AND S E N T lo P E T E R K I M B A L L AT BOS- CAWEN. ORIGINAL IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. by a vessel b o u n d an for Arriving of the d a u g h t e r s , reluctantly returning where married New she Hampshire remained in to Salisbury " a d o p t e d . " M r s . Johnson's h u s b a n d w a s t a k e n Reuben to M o n t r e a l w i t h t w o others of the Canada, in Greeley. H i s t o r i c a l Society purchased The a for seven hundred of her d a u g h t e r s j o i n e d the f a m i l y of the L i e u t e n a n t G o v e r n o r . for mistreated. whose Peter Kimball of d i a r y is also i n the L i b r a r y , w r i t t e n w h i l e he s e r v e d i n the w a r . S a l i s b u r y captives w e r e Of New Boscawen, a l l the accounts A l l the other of I n d i a n captives i n H a m p s h i r e t a k e n to C a n a d a , the story of the " J o h n s o n C a p t i v i t y " is perhaps among the best k n o w n . A r a r e copy of the " N a r r a - tive" Walpole, N e w by printed i n David Narrative oj the containing ing is four in Carlisle, Jr., Captivity an account years The with New 1796 Hampshire and oj Mrs. of her the Indians Hampshire sufferings and called Johnson: durFrench, H i s t o r i c a l So- ciety's L i b r a r y . A c c o r d i n g to this record C a p t a i n J a m e s J o h n s o n became a resident of "Number F o u r , " n o w C h a r l e s t o w n , i n 1750, having , , the T h e y w e r e not , . C a p t a i n J o h n s o n w a s released on parole to enable h i m to secure a r a n s o m of one h u n d r e d a n d fifty p o u n d s , w h i c h he obtained f r o m the N e w government. redeemed. l i v r e s by F r e n c h g o v e r n m e n t a n d placed i n the f a m i l y of G o v e r n o r D u q u w n e w h i l e one b e a d - w o r k belt m a d e by her w h e n a c a p t i v e , Captain group. L a t e r , she says, she w a s also t a k e n there a n d 1763 has learned into w h i c h appropriate ceremonies they w e r e were r e t u r n e d to N e w H a m p s h i r e . R a c h e l M e l o o n , one at St. F r a n c i s the party that the I n d i a n s w e r e of the S t . F r a n c i s tribe France. E n g l i s h ship, they 31 W h e t h e r their m o t i v e w a s to get these articles a w a y f r o m J o h n s o n or not is u n c e r t a i n f r o m the account, but M r . J o h n s o n a n d a l m o s t his entire household w e r e c a p t u r e d on the n i g h t of his r e t u r n by a b a n d of seventeen I n d i a n s w h o took t h e m to C a n a d a w i t h s u c h of t h e i r belongings as they c o u l d seize. T h e a c c o u n t of the j o u r n e y c o n t a i n s a n u m ber of i n t e r e s t i n g i n c i d e n t s , a m o n g t h e m the fact that the I n d i a n s d i d not t o r t u r e or m o lest t h e m a n d that one of the c h i l d r e n w a s placed for the n i g h t b e t w e e n t w o I n d i a n s a n d covered by a rope h e l d d o w n at each e n d by a n I n d i a n w h o l a y on i t , so t h a t i f she attempted to escape they w o u l d be a w a k e n e d . D u r i n g the j o u r n e y a d a u g h t e r w a s b o r n to M r s . J o h n s o n , w h o m she n a m e d " C a p t i v e " Johnson. w h o later placed M r s . M e l o o n a n d t w o of the children HAMPSHIRE come u p the C o n n e c t i c u t R i v e r f r o m L u n e n burg Massachusetts. His business was largely t r a d i n g w i t h the I n d i a n s , a n occupat i o n he seems to have enjoyed a n d profited by. I n 1754 he left home to tour the c o u n t r y side i n .search of t r a d i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s . He appears a l w a y s to h a v e been o n f r i e n d l y t e r m s w i t h the I n d i a n s a n d r e t u r n e d w i t h a good stock of n e w articles he h a d p u r c h a s e d . T h e H a n s o n c a p t i v i t y has been w i d e l y p u b l i c i z e d by a n a u t o b i o g r a p h y by M r s . E l i z a b e t h H a n s o n of D o v e r w h i c h appeared i n several e d i t i o n s , a n u m b e r of rare copies b e i n g i n The New H a m p s h i r e H i s t o r i c a l Society's L i b r a r y . M r s . H a n s o n w a s the w i f e of J o h n Hanson, a Quaker. side i n the v i c i n i t y of S a l i s b u r y , N e w N E W A f t e r a year a n d a h a l f i n C a n a d a M r s t v i t h her sisters a n d t w o d a u g h t e r s r e t u r n e d to the C o l o n i e s . released after three years of c a p i v i t y . a n u n in M o n t r e a l . Ticonderoea. Hampshire J o h n s o n w a s released, a n d M r . Johnson was O n e of the d a u g h t e r s r e n a m e d a n d became C a p t a i n Johnson later enlisted a n d w a s k i l l e d M r s . J o h n s o n d i e d i n 1810. j t- m , 1758 , W i t h ^ t h e l ^ g i n n i n g of open w a r f a r e b e t w e e n F r a n c e a n d E n g a n d , ^ at ,, finally r e s u l t i n g in the t a k i n g by the E n g l i s h of M o n t r e a l a n d Q u e b e c , the I n d i a n raids on N e w H a m p s h i r e cam'e to a n e n d , a l t h o u g h there w e r e b e t w e e n the N e w requent encounters E n g l a n d e r s a n d the I n d i a n s i n the v i c i n i t y ot the C a n a d i a n border u n t i l after the close of the R e v o l u t i o n . �HISTORICAL 32 New N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL Hampshire Indians H a v e Gone but N EW HAMPSHIRE, as well as all A m e r i c a , may it might have gone far f o u g h t i n the R e v o l u t i o n . PASSACONAWAY was the most famous of the Penaeoot^ Indians whose lands bordered on the Merrimack river north of Concord, and their chief. He is said to have lived to be a hundred and tiventy years old. His dying words are recorded to have been; "Take heed how you quarrel with the English for though you may do them much mischief, you will be destroyed and rooted of} the earth if you do." Passaconaway's daughter is said to have married Winnepurkit or Winnepocket also of the Penacook tribe. diflerendy with well pay tribute to the H a d it not been for t h e m soldiers who I t w a s i n the I n d i a n w a r s they l e a r n e d to New England fight. F o r m o r e t h a n t w o decades p r i o r to 1775, m e n w e r e t r a i n e d here, t h a n k s to the I n d i a n s , to protect t h e i r h o m e s a n d g u a r d t h e i r liberty. O n e has but to r e a d the r e c o r d of G e n e r a l John S t a r k a n d his fellow-patriots, to sense the i m p o r t a n c e of the events that preceded the w a r for the i n d e p e n d e n c e of this c o u n t r y . T h e early settlers h a d as m u c h difficulty i n p r o n o u n c i n g the I n d i a n n a m e s as the I n d i a n s d i d i n a t t e m p t i n g to m a k e t h e i r s p r o n o u n c able. T h e y d i d , h o w e v e r , g i v e us Coos w h i c h they p r o n o u n c e d C o w a s h or C o w a s s , a n d w h i c h became the n a m e of a N e w H a m p s h i r e c o u n t y . C o c h e c o w a s as near as the colonists got to w h a t w a s afterward named Dover. S u n a p e e the I n d i a n s apparently p r o n o u n c e d Soo-ni-pee, a s p e l l i n g s t i l l occasionally to be seen o n old signs. Occum is the n a m e of a f a m o u s D a r t m o u t h I n d i a n graduate. . WONOLANCET was tlie son of . Passaconaway. Although the settlers are said to have burned one of his •fenacook villages in 167;, during King Philip's War, the Penacooks did not retaliate, fohn Eliot, writing to his friend Sir Robert Boyle, in England, calls Wonolancet "a sachem of tiie greatest blood of the country." CHOCORUA. FROM A P R I N T I N THE N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. CHOCORUA is thought to have been a member of the Pequawket or Ossipee tribe, but whatever tribe Ite was, he has always been New Hampshire's favorie Indian. In the earliest records, the Mountain named for him was called feckoyva and Chocorua himself is thought to have spent a good part of his life in the vicinity of Tamworth and "died on the mountain, presumably as a residt of a fall from a cliff." Mr. Lawrence Mayo, a life member of The New Hampshire Historical Society, who did considerable research on the "Legend of Chocorua." fhe name of his monograph, says, "There is a tradition that Chocorua was killed by white men and that his dying curse was responsible for a mysterious bovine malady in that region of New Hampshire." PASSACONAWAY. FROM A P R I N T IN T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. 33 L i k e w i s e w h i l e the n a m e s of our places are l a r g e l y of E n g l i s h o r i g i n . N e w H a m p shire got m a n y of t h e m f r o m the I n d i a n s . The n a m e s of P e n a c o o k , Ossipee a n d P e q u a w k e t ( P i g w a c k e t ) are d e r i v e d directly f r o m the I n d i a n tribes. O t h e r tribes w e r e the N a s h u a s , the S o u h e g a n s , the N a t i c o o k s , the M o h a w k s , the N a m o s k e a g s ( A m o s k e a g ) , the N a r r a g a n s e t t s , the S u n c o o k s , the W i n n i pesaukees, a n d the P i s c a t a q u a s . F r o m the N e w H a m p s h i r e I n d i a n C h i e f s come our n a m e s of P a s s a c o n a w a y , W o n o l a n c e t , C h o corua, Kancamagus, Waternome and Paugus. T h e i r Names at Least R e m a i n m e m o r y of the I n d i a n s for at least one t h i n g . N E W HAMPSHIRE SAMSON OCCOM (or Cecum) was an early Indian convert to the Christian faith, coming from the Mohegan tribe in Southern Connecticut of which, in 1742, at the age of nineteen, he had become one of the leaders. Selected by the Reverend Eleazer Wheelock to attend his "college" for Indians at Lebanon, Connecticut, then called Moor's Indian Charity School, and afterward Dartmouth College, he first became a school-teacher and later an ordained minister oj the Gospel. In 1764, following the close of tlie French and English War, he was sent by Wheelock to accompany the Evangelist, George Whitefield, to preach and solicit contributions to the school in England and Scotland. He is said to have been instrumental in raising a large endowment fund, estimated at twelve thousand pounds. In his admirable book, "Samson Occom," Harold Blodgett says that "without Occom, Dartmouth wotdd never have been foimded." C e r t a i n e n d i n g s o n our I n d i a n n a m e s fall i n t o r e c o g n i z a b l e classes, s u c h as A n n a h o o k set ( H o o k s e t t ) , P e m i g e w a s s e t a n d N i t t i s s i t , a k i n to other n a m e s e n d i n g i n sit or set. T h e e n d i n g coo\r 0 0 ^ ) finding itself i n a g r o u p i n g of P e n a c o o k , P o n t o o c o o k , S u n cook, Ahquedaukee, Cowissawashook ( K e a r s a r g e ) , Aroostook, A m m o n u s u c , C o n toocook, M o o s i l a u k e , M o n o m o n o c , B a b o o s u c , U n c a n o o n u c , A s h u e l o c k ( A s h u e l o t ) , Massabesic, W a l o o m s u c , N e w i c h w a n n o c k , M e r r i m a c ( o n c e called M o n i a c k , M o n o m a c or M o n o m o c ) , has caused m u c h speculation a m o n g p h i l o l o g i s t s , some of w h o m consider the e n d i n g oo\o m e a n m e r e l y at. S i n c e there w e r e as m a n y different ages or dialects a m o n g the N e w I n d i a n s as there are a m o n g tions the v a r i o u s attached there m i g h t that w i t h have been w o r d s to w h i c h the syllable at w a s meaning The sec- of the U n i t e d States, it is difficult go f u r t h e r t h a n to conjecture ooh langu- Hampshire at the philologists at g o i n g mountain seem or to h a v e at to the many attached, the been river balked further. A n o t h e r g r o u p of N e w H a m p s h i r e I n d i a n n a m e s a l l c o n t a i n the syllable squatrt. Asquam �34 HISTORICAL HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE N E W HAMPSHIRE 35 ljut w e r e at least i n use by the settlers w h i l e the I n d i a n s w e r e here. THE HUTCHINSONS, Indson, John, Asa and Abhy, of the "Tribe of fesse" were famous in tlie annals of New Hampshire history as America's foremost family of singers. They were a choir of thirteen at the beginning, growing up in Milford, New Hampshire. Later as a quartet, they toured America from the 1840's to the iSyo's. shire n a t i v e s , but g i v e n i n h o n o r of great A m e r i c a n T h e f o r e g o i n g l i s t of N e w H a m p s h i r e I n d i a n n a m e s is by no m e a n s c o m p l e t e , they w e r e M a n y other tributes h a v e been p a i d to the N e w England Indians. Our evening dance is seen no more. Its sound has ceased to flow. And each one sings a mournful dirge In accents sad and slow. The whites have swept our friends away, Beneath the turf our fathers lay, We soon must join them in death's sleep And leave our homes to mourn and weep. Shall I the bravest of the chiefs. On this isle make my bed? 0 no! the whites' polluted feet Shall ne'er tread o'er my head. I've buried my hatchet 'neath the turf, But I will rest beneath the surf; The foaming billows shall be my grave, For I'll not die a white man's slave. T h e col- lege s o n g of A m h e r s t a n d m a n y a n o t h e r b a l l a d a n d story, a l l tell of the part they p l a y e d i n our early h i s t o r y , of w h i c h the verses of L o n g f e l l o w James F e n i m o r e C o o p e r are e x a m p l e s . a n d the books of M o s t p o p u l a r a m o n g the compositions of a decade or t w o ago w a s a s o n g c o m p o s e d a n d s u n g by the H u t c h i n s o n s "Glide O n , My Light Canoe," a fitting H i s t o r i c a l Society's L i b r a r y . 13 SAMSON- OCCUM. FROM A P R I N T IN T H E NE-W HAMPSHIRE HISI-ORICAL SOCII:TY'S COLLECTION. (Squam Lake, mountain and river), W i n n i - squam, Asquam-Schumake JVIonascon or Mascoma, necticut) Quampeagin, (Baker one they m i g h t These names do the same tribe, so t h a t to have meant something different f r o m another. meaning of squam the n a m e S q u a m (Con- Squamannagonic, (CJonic), and Squamscott. not a l l c o m e f r o m River), Quonekticut Several quite indicate the to be l a k e , i n w h i c h case L a k e might, in become L a k e L a k e ! translation O t h e r squams are said to be r i v e r s . T h e n a m e s e n d i n g i n qua, Piscataqua, Pequawket, a n d ]{et s u c h as Wataqua, Winni- p a u k e t t , seem to i n d i c a t e w a t e r or r i v e r s also, while the influence of the French may be t r a c e d , p e r h a p s , to the t r a n s l a t i o n of C h e b u c t o to C h e b e a q u e , the n a m e F r a n c o i s wa (Plausua Mountain), p r o n o u n c e d t h e i r jr Winnicoultt. as pi, since and to P l a u s a - the Indians Winnicot to St. John Baptist was Sabbatis. O d d n a m e s , s u c h as P a r m a c h e n e , A t t i l h a , Catamount, Mahomet, Monadnock, and Opechee are difficult to trace to I n d i a n o r i g i n . called t r i b u t e to this v a n i s h e d , b u t never-to-be- forgotten race, a copy of w h i c h is one of the treasures i n T h e N e w Glide on my light canoe, glide on, The morning breeze is free, I'll guide thee far, far out upon The wild and troubled sea. Howl on ye blasts with all your might. Hide, hide thyself thou orb of light, y.Roll on ye mountain billows roll. The wonders of the deep unfold. And on the waves we're forced to roam; There's none to pity, none to save The red man jrom the ocean grave. that "here." One of the most popular songs was called "Glide On, My Light Canoe" by J. W. Hutchinson with these words: Glide on and bear me from the sight Of yonder shady vale; For oh! there is a with'ring blight Spread o'er my native Isle; The whites have driven us from our home. Hamp- Indians. but indicates some of the p e r m a n e n t records they h a v e left b e h i n d , s h o w i n g They sang many popular songs and popularized others, usually on such subjects as temperance and freedom, calling themselves the Aeolian Vocalists and singing such ballads as "The Old Granite State," "Let My People Go," "What Are the Wild Waves Saying," "The Good Time Coming," "The Spider and the Fly," "Kind Words Can Never Die" and many of their own compositions. 'l ~ , t • T h e names T e c u m s e h a n d Osceola are late c o m e r s , not, of c o u r s e , related to the N e w COVER OF INDIAN SONG, SUNG IJY T H E HUTCHINSON F A M I L Y . FROM T H E N E W HAMPSHIRE HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S COLLECTION. Hampshire �36 HISTORICAL N E W HAMPSHIRE SOURCES OF INFORMATION Atkinson, Theodore. A c c o u n t ot* m y j o u r n e y as a C o m m i s s i o n e r f r o m the G o v e r n o r of N e w H a m p s h i r e to C a n a d a , begun J a n u a r y the 15th. 1724-25. P u b h s h e d by the Society of C o l o n i a l W a r s , n o date. f k l k n a p . R e v . Jeremy. H i s t o r ) ' of N e w H a m p s h i r e ; 3 v o l u m e s . I-'hiladelphia a n d B o s t o n , P r i n t e d for the A u t h o r , 1 7 8 4 - 9 2 . Blodgett, H a r o l d . S a m s o n O c c o m . H a n o v e r , D a r t m o u t h C o l l e g e , 1935. B o d g e , G e o r g e M . Soldiers i n K i n g P h i l i p ' s W a r . L e o m i n s t e r , P r i n t e d for the A u t h o r , 1896. C a s w e l l , F r e d M . J o h n S t a r k , originator of N e w H a m p s h i r e ' s state motto. Historical N e w H a m p s h i r e , J u n e 1945. C o l e m a n , E m m a L . N e w E^ngland captives c a r r i e d to C a n a d a between 1677 a n d 1 7 6 0 ; 2 v o l umes. P o r t l a n d , S o u t h w o r t h , 1925, C r a w f o r d , J o h n G . I n d i a n s of N e w H a m p s h i r e . Manchester H i s t o r i c Association Collections, v o l u m e I , t)art 2. Manchester, G o u l d , 1897. Douglas-Lithgow, R. A . D i c t i o n a r y of A m e r i c a n - I n d i a n place a n d proper names i n N e w England. S a l e m , S a l e m Press, 1909. D r a k e , Samuel Gardner. B i o g r a p h y a n d history of the I n d i a n s of N o r t h A m e r i c a . Boston, Mussey, 1 8 5 1 . T h e F a r m e r ' s M o n t h l y V i s i t o r , v o l u m e 12. Manchester, 1852. G o o k i n , D a n i e l . H i s t o r i c a l collections of the I n d i a n s of N e w E n g l a n d . Massachusetts H i s torical Society Collections, first series, v o l u m e i . H a n s o n , M r s . E l i z a b e t h . A c c o u n t of the captivity of E l i z a b e t h H a n s o n . L o n d o n , C l a r k , 1760. Johnson, M r s . Susanna. N a r r a t i v e of the c a p t i v i t y of M r s . John.son. W a l p o l e , C a r l i s l e , 1796. K e n t o n , E d n a , editor. T h e Jesuit Relations a n d allied documents. N e w Y o r k , B o n i , 1925. Kidder, Frederic. T h e . \ b e n a k i I n d i a n s : their treaties of 1713 a n d 1717, a n d a v o c a b u lary. P o r t l a n d , T h u r s t o n , 1859. i M c C l i n t o c k , J o h n N o r r i s . H i s t o r y of N e w H a m p s h i r e . I^oston, R u s s e l l , i 8 8 8 . ( i M a u r a u l t , O l i v i e r . T h e F r e n c h of C a n a d a a n d N e w E n g l a n d . A n address before the N e w c o m e n Society, 1 9 5 1 . Mayo, Lawrence Shaw. H i s t o r y of the legend of C h o c o r u a . T h e N e w England Quarterly, v o l u m e 19, September 1946. M o r i s o n , S a m u e l Elliot. B u i l d e r s of the B a y C o l o n y . Boston, H o u g h t o n , 1930. Morton, T h o m a s . N e w English Canaan. Boston, P r i n c e Society, 1883. N e w H a m p s h i r e P r o v i n c i a l Papers, v o l u m e s i a n d 2. P a r k m a n , F r a n c i s . C o u n t F r o n t e n a c a n d N e w F r a n c e u n d e r L o u i s X I V . Boston, L i t t l e , 1904. Penhallow, Samuel. H i s t o r y of the w a r s of N e w E n g l a n d w i t h the eastern I n d i a n s . N e w H a m p s h i r e H i s t o r i c a l Society Collections, v o l u m e i . Roberts, K e n n e t h . N o r t h w e s t Passage. G a r d e n C i t y , D o u b l e d a y , 1937. Rogers, M a j o r Robert. Journals. D u b l i n , Potts, 1770, S a u n d e r s o n , H e n r y F I . H i s t o r y of C h a r l e s t o w n , N e w H a m p s h i r e , the O l d N o . 4. C l a r e m o n t M a n u f a c t u r i n g ' C o m p a n y , 1876. Schoolcraft, H e n r y R . I n f o r m a t i o n respecting the I n d i a n tribes of the U n i t e d States, 6 v o l u m e s . P h i l a d e l p h i a , L i p p i n c o t t , 1852-57. �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Indigenous Culture, Native Works, Objects, & Decoration Object Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical NH - October 1952 Issue - NH Remembers The Indians Description An account of the resource A thirty-six page booklet created by the New Hampshire Historical Society. The Historical New Hampshire, Volume 8 Number 2, October 1952 Issue covers remembrances of indigenous populations, as researched and complied by by Robinson V. Smith. It is subtitled "NH Remembers the Indians." The accounts are exclusively told from European settler perspectives. The booklet contains as many European colonist representations as it does representations of indigenous populations. This item contains biases and misinformation from early periods. FHS-Kyle Leach Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource New Hampshire Historical Society Robinson V. Smith Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived New Hampshire Historical Society Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available New Hampshire Historical Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Late 1600's-mid 1700's Sources used for publications range from 1700's to early 20th Century October 1952 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. October 1952 booklet clothing culture history Indian Indigenous information language narrative New Hampshire New Hampshire Historical Society pdf people settlers